What type of emulsion coats bromide paper?
- Gelatin-bromide of silver
- Gelatin-chloride of silver
- Gelatin-iodide of silver
- Gelatin-cyanide of silver
Correct Answer: Gelatin-bromide of silver
Correct Answer Explanation: Bromide paper is coated with a gelatino-bromide of silver emulsion, similar to the emulsion used in dry-plates and films for negative-making. This emulsion is sensitive to light and allows for the formation of a latent image during exposure.
Compared to negative materials, how sensitive is bromide paper?
- More sensitive
- Less sensitive
- Equally sensitive
- Sensitivity varies depending on the paper type
Correct Answer: Less sensitive
Correct Answer Explanation: Bromide paper is less sensitive to light than negative materials, allowing photographers to work with more light during printing and toning without the risk of overexposure. This also contributes to its versatility, as it can be used for both contact prints and enlargements.
What developer is well-suited for bromide paper, producing pure black tones?
- Metol-hydroquinone developer
- Pyrogallol developer
- Ferrous oxalate developer
- Glycin developer
Correct Answer: Ferrous oxalate developer
Correct Answer Explanation: The ferrous oxalate developer is known for producing pure black tones in bromide prints. However, it requires an acid clearing bath, adding an extra step to the process. Metol-hydroquinone developers are also popular choices, offering excellent keeping qualities and greater control in development.
What is the recommended concentration for a fixing bath?
- 3 ounces of hypo in 16 ounces of water
- 1 ounce of hypo in 16 ounces of water
- 5 ounces of hypo in 16 ounces of water
- 2 ounces of hypo in 16 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 3 ounces of hypo in 16 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: The recommended concentration for a fixing bath is 3 ounces of hypo (sodium thiosulfate) in 16 ounces of water. This solution effectively removes unexposed silver halide crystals from the emulsion, making the image permanent and preventing fading.
What is the recommended washing time for uranium-toned prints?
- 5 minutes
- 10 minutes
- 15 minutes
- 20 minutes
Correct Answer: 15 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: Uranium toning, a method that adds a warm brown or reddish-brown tone to bromide prints, requires a thorough washing process to remove any residual chemicals. A recommended washing time of 15 minutes ensures that all traces of toning solution are removed, preventing potential fading and preserving the print’s longevity.
How does dodging affect the contrast of a print?
- Increases contrast
- Decreases contrast
- No effect on contrast
- Depends on the type of paper used
Correct Answer: Increases contrast
Correct Answer Explanation: Dodging is a technique used to selectively control exposure to light during printing, allowing photographers to manipulate contrast and highlights. By selectively blocking light from certain areas of the negative, dodging increases the contrast in the exposed areas, enhancing highlights and bringing out detail in shadows.
What is the typical time required for bleaching a bromide print in the bromide-ferricyanide solution during sulphide toning?
- 1 to 2 minutes
- 2 to 3 minutes
- 3 to 4 minutes
- 4 to 5 minutes
Correct Answer: 2 to 3 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: Sulphide toning involves bleaching the print in a bromide-ferricyanide solution and then toning it in a sodium sulphide solution. The bleaching process, which typically takes 2 to 3 minutes, removes the silver from the image, leaving behind a white print. The subsequent toning step then converts the silver into silver sulphide, producing a warm brown or sepia tone.
What is the approximate exposure time for making bromide negatives in the camera?
- One-tenth the exposure of a rapid plate
- One-fifth the exposure of a rapid plate
- One-twentieth the exposure of a rapid plate
- One-fortieth the exposure of a rapid plate
Correct Answer: One-twentieth the exposure of a rapid plate
Correct Answer Explanation: Bromide negatives can be made in the camera, although they require special considerations for exposure and development. Compared to a rapid plate, the exposure time for a bromide negative is approximately one-twentieth, requiring less light to capture the image.
What happens to the contrast of an image when the negative is moved closer to the light source during enlarging?
- Contrast increases
- Contrast decreases
- No effect on contrast
- Depends on the type of lens used
Correct Answer: Contrast decreases
Correct Answer Explanation: The intensity of illumination varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source of light. This means that as the negative is moved closer to the light source, the light intensity increases, reducing the contrast between highlights and shadows. Conversely, moving the negative further away from the light source weakens the light intensity, enhancing contrast.
What is the formula for the uranium toning bath?
- 1 dram of uranium solution, ½ dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water
- 2 drams of uranium solution, 1 dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water
- 1 dram of uranium solution, 1 dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water
- 2 drams of uranium solution, ½ dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 1 dram of uranium solution, ½ dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: The formula for the uranium toning bath is 1 dram of uranium solution, ½ dram of acetic acid, and 5 ounces of water. This solution is used to tone bromide prints, transforming the image from black to a warm brown or reddish-brown tone. The acetic acid acts as a buffer, helping to control the pH of the solution and ensuring a more even toning effect.
What is the purpose of bolting silk in enlarging?
- To increase contrast
- To decrease contrast
- To soften shadows
- To create a vignette effect
Correct Answer: To soften shadows
Correct Answer Explanation: Bolting silk, a fine mesh fabric, is used during enlarging to soften shadows and blend tones in the image. By placing a piece of bolting silk between the light source and the negative, photographers can selectively reduce the amount of light reaching certain areas of the negative, resulting in a softer shadow transition and a more harmonious blend between highlights and shadows.
What technique involves gradually softening or fading the edges of a print?
- Dodging
- Vignetting
- Composite printing
- Toning
Correct Answer: Vignetting
Correct Answer Explanation: Vignetting is a technique that gradually softens or fades the edges of a print, drawing attention to the central subject. This effect can be achieved during printing by using a mask or by adjusting the aperture of the lens during enlarging. Vignetting can create a more intimate and focused feel, highlighting the subject while subtly de-emphasizing the surrounding areas.
What does a strong light do to the contrast of a print during enlarging?
- Increases contrast
- Decreases contrast
- No effect on contrast
- Depends on the type of paper used
Correct Answer: Decreases contrast
Correct Answer Explanation: A strong light, achieved by placing the negative closer to the light source during enlarging, reduces the contrast between highlights and shadows. This is because a strong light exposes the entire negative more evenly, minimizing the differences in density between the highlights and shadows.
What is the recommended concentration for a sulphide toning bath?
- 3 ounces of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water
- 2 ounces of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water
- 1 ounce of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water
- 4 ounces of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 3 ounces of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: The recommended concentration for a sulphide toning bath is 3 ounces of stock 20% sulphide solution in 20 ounces of water. This solution converts the silver in the bleached print into silver sulphide, producing warm brown or sepia tones. The concentration of the sulphide solution can be adjusted to achieve different shades of brown, depending on the desired effect.
What is the main advantage of daylight enlarging?
- It is more controlled than artificial light enlarging
- It is more affordable than artificial light enlarging
- It produces better quality prints than artificial light enlarging
- It is less time-consuming than artificial light enlarging
Correct Answer: It is more affordable than artificial light enlarging
Correct Answer Explanation: Daylight enlarging offers a cost-effective alternative to artificial light enlarging, as photographers can create homemade apparatus using simple materials. This accessibility makes daylight enlarging a viable option for photographers who may not have the budget for expensive equipment.
What is the typical time required for uranium toning of bromide prints?
- 3 to 4 minutes
- 4 to 5 minutes
- 5 to 6 minutes
- 6 to 7 minutes
Correct Answer: 6 to 7 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: Uranium toning, which adds a warm brown or reddish-brown tone to bromide prints, typically takes 6 to 7 minutes. The toning process involves immersing the print in a uranium solution, allowing the uranium to react with the silver in the image, resulting in the desired color shift.
What is the purpose of the acid clearing bath used with ferrous oxalate developer?
- To neutralize the developer
- To remove unexposed silver halide crystals
- To increase contrast
- To prevent toning
Correct Answer: To neutralize the developer
Correct Answer Explanation: The ferrous oxalate developer, while producing pure black tones, requires an acid clearing bath to neutralize the developer and stop the development process. This step ensures that the image is properly fixed and prevents any further unwanted development.
How does a weak light affect the contrast of an image during enlarging?
- Increases contrast
- Decreases contrast
- No effect on contrast
- Depends on the type of paper used
Correct Answer: Increases contrast
Correct Answer Explanation: A weak light, achieved by placing the negative further away from the light source during enlarging, increases the contrast between highlights and shadows. This is because a weak light exposes the highlights of the negative more than the shadows, resulting in a greater difference in density and therefore increased contrast.
What is the recommended concentration for a 20% stock solution of sodium sulphite used in making the sulphide toning bath?
- 2 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water
- 3 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water
- 4 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water
- 5 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 4 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: A 20% stock solution of sodium sulphite is a common ingredient in the sulphide toning bath. The recommended concentration is 4 ounces of sodium sulphite in 20 ounces of water. This solution helps to control the pH of the toning bath and prevents the formation of unwanted precipitates, ensuring a smooth and consistent toning process.
What is the ideal exposure time for negatives in contact printing on bromide paper?
- 1 to 2 minutes
- 2 to 3 minutes
- 3 to 5 minutes
- 5 to 7 minutes
Correct Answer: 3 to 5 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: The ideal exposure time for negatives in contact printing on bromide paper is 3 to 5 minutes. This exposure time allows for a proper development of the image, ensuring good detail in both highlights and shadows. The actual exposure time may vary depending on the intensity of the light source, the type of bromide paper used, and the density of the negative.
What happens to the exposure time when using bolting silk for softening shadows?
- Exposure time decreases
- Exposure time increases
- No effect on exposure time
- Depends on the type of bolting silk used
Correct Answer: Exposure time increases
Correct Answer Explanation: When using bolting silk to soften shadows during enlarging, the exposure time needs to be increased. This is because the bolting silk absorbs some of the light passing through it, reducing the amount of light reaching the negative. Therefore, a longer exposure time is required to compensate for the light loss and ensure proper exposure.
What is the purpose of a standard negative in determining proper exposure?
- To determine the best type of bromide paper to use
- To determine the proper development time
- To determine the appropriate toning solution
- To serve as a reference point for adjusting exposure times for different negatives
Correct Answer: To serve as a reference point for adjusting exposure times for different negatives
Correct Answer Explanation: A standard negative, with a known density and contrast, is used as a reference point for determining the proper exposure time for other negatives. By comparing the standard negative to the negative being printed, photographers can make adjustments to the exposure time based on the density and contrast differences between the two negatives, ensuring optimal exposure for each print.
What is the term for a technique that combines multiple negatives to create a single image?
- Dodging
- Vignetting
- Composite printing
- Toning
Correct Answer: Composite printing
Correct Answer Explanation: Composite printing is a technique that combines multiple negatives to create a single image. This technique allows photographers to create images with greater depth and complexity, combining elements from different sources to achieve a desired effect. It can be used to create panoramic images, combine portraits with landscapes, or merge different exposures to create unique and imaginative compositions.
What is the formula for a common bromide-ferricyanide bleacher used in sulphide toning?
- 300 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 100 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water
- 200 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 100 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water
- 300 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 50 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water
- 200 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 50 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 300 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 100 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: The bromide-ferricyanide bleacher, used in sulphide toning, removes the silver from the image, leaving behind a white print. A common formula for this solution is 300 grains of potassium ferricyanide and 100 grains of potassium bromide in 20 ounces of water. This solution effectively bleaches the print, preparing it for the subsequent toning step.
What is the relationship between the intensity of illumination and the distance from the light source?
- The intensity of illumination varies directly as the square of the distance from the source of light.
- The intensity of illumination varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source of light.
- There is no relationship between the intensity of illumination and the distance from the source of light.
- The relationship between the intensity of illumination and the distance from the source of light is complex and cannot be easily described.
Correct Answer: The intensity of illumination varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source of light.
Correct Answer Explanation: This principle, known as the inverse square law, states that the intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases. In other words, if you double the distance from the light source, the intensity of light will be reduced to one-fourth. This principle is crucial for understanding how light intensity affects exposure during enlarging, as it allows photographers to calculate equivalent exposures at varying distances from the light source.
What is the purpose of a condenser lens in artificial light enlarging?
- To soften the light
- To focus the light onto the negative
- To create a vignette effect
- To prevent overheating of the lamp
Correct Answer: To focus the light onto the negative
Correct Answer Explanation: Condenser lenses play a critical role in artificial light enlarging, effectively focusing the light from the lamp onto the negative. This ensures uniform illumination of the negative, leading to sharp and well-defined enlargements. Without a condenser lens, the light would be scattered, resulting in uneven exposure and blurry prints.
What is the recommended washing time for bromide prints in a fresh hypo bath?
- 5 minutes
- 10 minutes
- 15 minutes
- 20 minutes
Correct Answer: 10 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: After developing and fixing a bromide print, it’s essential to wash it thoroughly to remove any residual chemicals. A fresh hypo bath typically requires a 10-minute wash to ensure that all traces of hypo are removed, preventing fading and preserving the print’s longevity.
What is the key difference between bromide paper and negative materials?
- Bromide paper is more sensitive to light than negative materials.
- Bromide paper is less sensitive to light than negative materials.
- Bromide paper is equally sensitive to light as negative materials.
- The sensitivity of bromide paper and negative materials varies depending on the type of material.
Correct Answer: Bromide paper is less sensitive to light than negative materials.
Correct Answer Explanation: Bromide paper is designed to be less sensitive to light than negative materials. This allows photographers to work with more light during printing and toning without the risk of overexposure. It also contributes to its versatility, as it can be used for both contact prints and enlargements.
What is the effect of fresh developer on the black tones of a bromide print?
- Fresh developer produces dull black tones.
- Fresh developer produces greenish black tones.
- Fresh developer produces rich black tones.
- Fresh developer has no effect on the black tones of a bromide print.
Correct Answer: Fresh developer produces rich black tones.
Correct Answer Explanation: Fresh developer is essential for achieving rich, deep black tones in bromide prints. Overworked developer, which has been used repeatedly, can result in greenish tones and poor results. Fresh developer ensures optimal development, resulting in vibrant and well-defined blacks.
What is the name of the process that converts silver into silver sulphide, resulting in brown or sepia tones?
- Dodging
- Vignetting
- Toning
- Composite printing
Correct Answer: Toning
Correct Answer Explanation: Toning is a process that changes the color of a print from black to another shade, such as sepia or brown. Sulphide toning, a common method, converts silver into silver sulphide, resulting in warm brown tones. This process adds depth and richness to the print, creating a more artistic and nuanced image.
What is the purpose of aligning the centers of the lens, negative, and screen in a single straight line during enlarging?
- To prevent distortion
- To ensure even illumination
- To increase contrast
- To prevent overheating of the lamp
Correct Answer: To prevent distortion
Correct Answer Explanation: Proper alignment of the lens, negative, and screen in a single straight line is crucial for preventing distortion during enlarging. Misalignment can result in skewed or distorted images, ruining the print. Maintaining this alignment ensures that the image is enlarged accurately and proportionally, preserving its integrity.
What is the effect of stopping down the lens during enlarging on the exposure time?
- Exposure time decreases
- Exposure time increases
- No effect on exposure time
- Depends on the type of lens used
Correct Answer: Exposure time increases
Correct Answer Explanation: Stopping down the lens, or increasing the aperture number, reduces the amount of light passing through the lens. This requires a longer exposure time to compensate for the reduced light and achieve proper exposure. However, stopping down the lens can also improve sharpness and depth of field, enhancing the overall quality of the enlargement.
What is the name of the chemical solution used to develop a latent image on photographic paper?
- Fixing solution
- Toning solution
- Developer solution
- Bleaching solution
Correct Answer: Developer solution
Correct Answer Explanation: A developer solution is a chemical mixture that converts the latent image on photographic paper into a visible image. It reacts with the silver halide crystals that have been exposed to light, reducing them to metallic silver, making the image visible.
What is the term for the time during which photographic material is exposed to light?
- Development
- Exposure
- Fixing
- Toning
Correct Answer: Exposure
Correct Answer Explanation: Exposure is the crucial stage in photography where the photographic material, such as bromide paper, film, or a dry plate, is exposed to light. This exposure creates a latent image on the material, which is then developed into a visible image. The amount of time the material is exposed to light determines the brightness and contrast of the final image.
What is the recommended exposure time for negatives in contact printing on bromide paper, considering the negative density?
- 3 to 5 minutes
- 5 to 7 minutes
- 7 to 9 minutes
- 9 to 11 minutes
Correct Answer: 3 to 5 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: While 3 to 5 minutes is a general recommendation, the ideal exposure time for negatives in contact printing on bromide paper can vary depending on the density of the negative. A denser negative requires a shorter exposure time, while a thinner negative requires a longer exposure time.
What is the effect of developer temperature on the development process?
- Developer temperature has no effect on the development process.
- Developer temperature can increase contrast.
- Developer temperature can decrease contrast.
- Developer temperature can affect both contrast and development time.
Correct Answer: Developer temperature can affect both contrast and development time.
Correct Answer Explanation: Developer temperature significantly impacts the development process. Higher temperatures generally lead to faster development and increased contrast, while lower temperatures slow down development and result in lower contrast. Maintaining the proper developer temperature is essential for consistent development and predictable results.
What is the recommended concentration for a glycerine solution used to help keep bromide prints flat after drying?
- 1 ounce of glycerine in 25 ounces of water
- 2 ounces of glycerine in 25 ounces of water
- 3 ounces of glycerine in 25 ounces of water
- 4 ounces of glycerine in 25 ounces of water
Correct Answer: 2 ounces of glycerine in 25 ounces of water
Correct Answer Explanation: A glycerine solution can be used to help keep bromide prints flat after drying. The recommended concentration is 2 ounces of glycerine in 25 ounces of water. This solution helps to prevent the paper from curling or warping during the drying process, resulting in a flat and presentable print.
What is the primary reason for using a mask during dodging?
- To create a vignette effect
- To soften shadows
- To selectively control exposure to light
- To increase contrast
Correct Answer: To selectively control exposure to light
Correct Answer Explanation: Dodging is a technique used to selectively control exposure to light during printing, allowing photographers to manipulate contrast and highlights. A mask is often used to block light from specific areas of the negative, preventing those areas from being exposed and resulting in a brighter tone in those areas of the print.
What is the term for the process of removing unexposed silver halide crystals from the emulsion of a print?
- Developing
- Exposure
- Fixing
- Toning
Correct Answer: Fixing
Correct Answer Explanation: Fixing is a crucial step in photographic processing, removing unexposed silver halide crystals from the emulsion, making the image permanent and preventing fading. The fixer also stops the development process, preventing any further unwanted changes to the image.
What is the effect of moving the lens further away from the negative during enlarging?
- The enlargement size decreases.
- The enlargement size increases.
- There is no effect on the enlargement size.
- The effect on the enlargement size depends on the type of lens used.
Correct Answer: The enlargement size increases.
Correct Answer Explanation: The distance between the lens and the negative determines the enlargement size. Moving the lens further away from the negative results in a larger enlargement. Conversely, moving the lens closer to the negative creates a smaller enlargement. This principle allows photographers to precisely control the size of their enlargements.
What is the term for a fine mesh fabric used to soften shadows and blend tones in enlargements?
- Bolting silk
- Dodging mask
- Vignetting mask
- Toning solution
Correct Answer: Bolting silk
Correct Answer Explanation: Bolting silk is a fine mesh fabric used in enlarging to soften shadows and blend tones. It is placed between the light source and the negative, selectively reducing the amount of light reaching certain areas of the negative, resulting in a softer shadow transition and a more harmonious blend between highlights and shadows.
What is the primary purpose of a clearing bath in bromide printing?
- To remove unexposed silver halide crystals
- To neutralize the developer
- To prevent toning
- To soften shadows
Correct Answer: To neutralize the developer
Correct Answer Explanation: A clearing bath is used in bromide printing to neutralize the developer and stop the development process. It is particularly important when using ferrous oxalate developer, which requires an acid clearing bath to prevent further unwanted development and ensure proper fixing.
What is the term for a bromide print that has been toned to a warm brown or reddish-brown shade?
- Sepia print
- Black and white print
- Platinum print
- Cyanotype print
Correct Answer: Sepia print
Correct Answer Explanation: Sepia is a warm brown or reddish-brown tone that is often achieved by toning bromide prints. This toning process gives the print a vintage or nostalgic feel.
What is the most common type of bromide paper used for enlarging?
- Glossy paper
- Matte paper
- Satin paper
- Fibre-based paper
Correct Answer: Glossy paper
Correct Answer Explanation: Glossy bromide paper is the most common type used for enlarging. Its smooth, glossy surface provides a high degree of detail and sharpness, making it ideal for showcasing fine details and creating vibrant prints.
What is the key advantage of using bromide paper for both contact prints and enlargements?
- Bromide paper is more versatile than other types of photographic paper.
- Bromide paper is less expensive than other types of photographic paper.
- Bromide paper produces higher quality prints than other types of photographic paper.
- Bromide paper is easier to use than other types of photographic paper.
Correct Answer: Bromide paper is more versatile than other types of photographic paper.
Correct Answer Explanation: Bromide paper’s versatility is a key advantage. It can be used for both contact prints, where the negative is placed directly on the paper, and enlargements, where the image is projected onto the paper. This makes it a popular choice for photographers who want to explore different printing techniques.
What is the term for the process of selectively exposing specific areas of the negative to light during printing?
- Dodging
- Vignetting
- Toning
- Composite printing
Correct Answer: Dodging
Correct Answer Explanation: Dodging is a technique that allows photographers to selectively control exposure to light during printing. It involves blocking light from certain areas of the negative, preventing those areas from being exposed and resulting in a brighter tone in those areas of the print.
What is the purpose of a negative holder in enlarging?
- To hold the negative securely in place during exposure
- To prevent the negative from being damaged
- To ensure even illumination of the negative
- All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Correct Answer Explanation: A negative holder is essential for enlarging, serving several important purposes. It holds the negative securely in place during exposure, preventing it from moving and causing blur. It also protects the negative from damage during handling. Additionally, the holder helps to ensure even illumination of the negative, contributing to a well-exposed and sharp print.
What is the term for the gradual softening or fading of the edges of a print, drawing attention to the central subject?
- Dodging
- Vignetting
- Toning
- Composite printing
Correct Answer: Vignetting
Correct Answer Explanation: Vignetting is a technique used to create a gradual softening or fading of the edges of a print, drawing attention to the central subject. This effect can be achieved during printing by using a mask or by adjusting the aperture of the lens during enlarging. Vignetting can create a more intimate and focused feel, highlighting the subject while subtly de-emphasizing the surrounding areas.
What is the effect of fresh developer on the development time for bromide prints?
- Fresh developer results in a shorter development time.
- Fresh developer results in a longer development time.
- Fresh developer has no effect on development time.
- The effect of fresh developer on development time depends on the type of developer used.
Correct Answer: Fresh developer results in a shorter development time.
Correct Answer Explanation: Fresh developer is more potent and active than overworked developer. This means that it can develop the image faster, resulting in a shorter development time. Overworked developer, on the other hand, is less potent and may require a longer development time to achieve the desired results.
What is the term for a print created by placing a negative directly on the bromide paper and exposing it to light?
- Contact print
- Enlargement
- Composite print
- Sepia print
Correct Answer: Contact print
Correct Answer Explanation: A contact print is created by placing a negative directly on the bromide paper and exposing it to light. This technique produces a print the same size as the negative. It is a simple and straightforward method for creating prints, and it is often used for creating small prints or for testing the exposure time for a particular negative.