Contributions to the History of Psychology -- 1916-1921 Quiz Questions and Answers

How do you feel about the impact World War I had on the development of psychology?

It was a tragedy that shifted psychology’s focus to practical applications for the military.
It was a necessary evil that advanced the field in ways that wouldn’t have happened otherwise.
It’s a complicated issue, but ultimately the war facilitated important breakthroughs.
It’s difficult to say, as the war had both positive and negative consequences for psychology.

What’s your favorite example of psychotechnology being used during this period?

The development of intelligence tests for military recruitment.
The use of psychological principles in aviation training.
The treatment of “war psychoses” using new therapeutic techniques.
The application of psychology to personnel selection in various industries.

What makes you nervous about the debate between introspection and behaviorism?

That one side might “win” and completely invalidate the other’s valuable contributions.
That the focus on objectivity might overshadow the importance of subjective experience.
That the emphasis on practical applications might stifle theoretical exploration.
That the debate might divide the field and hinder progress in psychology as a whole.

What makes you most frustrated about the state of historical accounts of psychology from this era?

The lack of a comprehensive history that goes beyond the early periods of the discipline.
The limited attention given to the contributions of women and minority psychologists.
The tendency to focus on a few key figures while neglecting other important contributors.
The difficulty in accessing primary sources and archival materials from this time period.

What are you most excited about when learning about the history of psychology during this period?

Discovering the forgotten stories of influential psychologists who have been overlooked.
Uncovering the connections between historical events and the development of psychological thought.
Understanding how the debates and discoveries of this era continue to shape psychology today.
Gaining a deeper appreciation for the complexity and richness of this pivotal period in the field.

What do you dream about when it comes to the future of historical scholarship on this era?

That someone will write a definitive and engaging history of psychology during this period.
That more primary sources will be made available to researchers, shedding new light on this era.
That there will be more interdisciplinary studies linking psychology to other historical fields.
That the contributions of this era will be more fully recognized and integrated into mainstream psychology.

What happened in the past when psychologists were mobilized for World War I?

It led to a surge in interest in applied psychology and the development of psychotechnology.
It caused a decline in theoretical research as psychologists focused on practical military problems.
It created a division within the field between those who supported the war effort and those who opposed it.
It resulted in lasting changes to the training and professional identity of psychologists.

What comes to mind when you hear the term “psychotechnology” in the context of this era?

The use of psychological tests to assess intelligence and aptitude for specific tasks.
The application of psychological principles to improve efficiency and productivity in industry.
The development of new technologies for psychological research, such as reaction-time instruments.
The use of psychological techniques for propaganda and persuasion during wartime.

What’s your favorite historical anecdote from this period in psychology’s history?

The story of how psychologists used their expertise to design camouflage during World War I.
The account of how psychologists helped treat soldiers suffering from “shell shock” and other war neuroses.
The tale of how the development of intelligence tests sparked debates about the nature of intelligence itself.
The description of how the rivalry between behaviorism and introspection played out in academic journals and conferences.

When you were first learning about psychology, how did you feel about the emphasis on the German tradition?

I found it fascinating to trace the roots of modern psychology back to its philosophical origins.
I was somewhat skeptical, as it seemed to overshadow the contributions of other cultures and traditions.
I was indifferent, as I was more interested in learning about specific theories and applications.
I was excited to explore the work of influential German psychologists like Wundt and Gestalt psychologists.

You have a choice of reading a book about the history of behaviorism or a biography of John B. Watson, which do you choose?

A history of behaviorism, as I’m interested in the broader intellectual context and development of this school of thought.
A biography of John B. Watson, as I want to understand the personal and professional journey of this influential figure.
I’m torn, both options sound equally interesting!
Neither, I’d rather read about a different topic within the history of psychology.

A specific situation arises: you’re asked to give a presentation on a major debate in early 20th-century psychology. How do you react?

I enthusiastically agree and immediately start researching the debate between introspection and behaviorism.
I’m slightly apprehensive, but I see it as a good opportunity to learn more about this era in psychology.
I try to get out of it, as I don’t feel knowledgeable enough about the history of psychology.
I suggest a different topic that I’m more familiar with, such as a specific psychological theory or application.

What keeps you up at night about the way this era in psychology is often portrayed?

The oversimplification of complex historical events and debates.
The potential for historical accounts to perpetuate biases and misconceptions.
The challenge of reconciling different perspectives and interpretations of the past.
The lack of public awareness and appreciation for the history of psychology.

Which of these areas of early 20th-century psychology would you enjoy researching the most?

The development of intelligence testing and its impact on education and social policy.
The emergence of clinical psychology and the treatment of mental illness.
The application of psychology to industrial settings, such as personnel selection and workplace efficiency.
The philosophical foundations of psychology and the debate between different schools of thought.

When you think about the future of psychology, what are you most concerned about based on lessons from this era?

That the field might become overly focused on practical applications at the expense of theoretical development.
That the rise of new technologies might outpace our understanding of their ethical implications.
That the fragmentation of the field into specialized subfields might hinder communication and collaboration.
That the lessons of history might be forgotten, leading to the repetition of past mistakes.

What aspect of this era in psychology makes you the most happy?

The sense of excitement and possibility as the field was rapidly expanding and evolving.
The dedication and ingenuity of early psychologists who were pioneers in their field.
The lasting contributions of this era, which continue to shape the way we understand the mind and behavior.
The opportunity to learn from the past and apply those lessons to the challenges facing psychology today.

What is most likely to make you feel down about the state of psychology today when thinking about this era?

The persistence of some of the same debates and divisions that existed a century ago.
The ongoing struggle to secure adequate funding and resources for psychological research.
The public’s often limited understanding of psychology and its contributions to society.
The challenges of translating research findings into effective interventions and policies.

In a perfect world, what would a university class on the history of psychology (1916-1921) look like?

It would be a small seminar with lively discussions and debates based on primary source readings.
It would be taught by a dynamic professor who brings the history of psychology to life.
It would include guest lectures from experts on specific topics or figures from this era.
It would culminate in a final project that allows students to explore a topic in depth.

If you could wave a magic wand, what would the perfect outcome of the introspection vs. behaviorism debate be?

A synthesis of the two perspectives, recognizing the value of both subjective experience and objective observation.
A greater appreciation for the complexity of the mind and the need for multiple approaches to understanding it.
A continued dialogue between proponents of different perspectives, fostering intellectual growth and innovation.
A shift away from the idea of a “winner” or “loser” in the debate and towards a more collaborative approach to psychology.

How often do you seek out information about the history of psychology in your own studies or practice?

Regularly, I find it important to understand the historical context of the concepts and theories I’m learning about.
Occasionally, when I encounter a topic or figure that sparks my curiosity.
Rarely, I tend to focus more on current research and applications.
Never, I don’t see the relevance of history to my understanding of psychology.

You are at a party and someone mentions they’re a psychology major. You bring up this period in psychology’s history. What do you do?

I excitedly launch into a detailed explanation of the impact of World War I and the rise of behaviorism.
I ask them if they’ve studied this era and try to gauge their level of interest before sharing my own thoughts.
I listen politely but steer the conversation towards a different aspect of psychology that I’m more comfortable discussing.
I excuse myself to get a drink or find someone else to talk to, as I’m not interested in discussing psychology at a party.

How comfortable are you discussing the influence of the German tradition on early 20th-century psychology?

Very comfortable, I understand the historical context and can discuss it objectively.
Somewhat comfortable, but I’m aware of the potential sensitivities and try to be respectful.
Not very comfortable, I need to learn more before I feel confident discussing this topic.
Not at all comfortable, I prefer to avoid this topic altogether.

You have a free afternoon to spend in a library with a vast psychology collection. What do you do?

Head straight for the history section and browse for books on the development of psychology during this era.
Seek out primary sources from this period, such as journal articles or letters written by prominent psychologists.
Look for biographies of influential figures from this era, such as John B. Watson or Edward B. Titchener.
Wander the stacks and see what catches my eye, hoping to stumble upon something unexpected and interesting.

Which of these historical debates within psychology is most likely to be a struggle for you to stay neutral on?

Introspection vs. Behaviorism
The role of the unconscious mind
Nature vs. Nurture
The existence of free will

Which member of a historical psychology debate panel are you: the moderator, the historian, the behaviorist, or the introspectionist?

The moderator, trying to keep the discussion focused and civil.
The historian, providing context and background information.
The behaviorist, arguing for the importance of objectivity and observable behavior.
The introspectionist, defending the value of subjective experience and introspection.

New information related to the development of intelligence testing during this period comes up. What is your first response?

To seek out reliable sources and critically evaluate the new information in light of existing scholarship.
To feel excited about the potential for new discoveries to challenge or refine our understanding of the past.
To feel cautious, as new information can sometimes be misinterpreted or taken out of context.
To feel indifferent, as this particular area of psychology’s history doesn’t hold much interest for me.

Someone asks, “So, what’s so fascinating about the history of psychology between 1916 and 1921?” What’s the actual answer, not just “It’s interesting”?

It was a period of immense change, shaped by world events and internal debates, that laid the groundwork for modern psychology.
We see the rise of new schools of thought, like behaviorism, and the development of psychological testing, forever altering the field.
It’s fascinating to trace the evolution of ideas and see how the field grappled with issues that are still relevant today.
I’m drawn to the human stories of the people involved, their struggles, triumphs, and the lasting impact of their work.

What’s your go-to resource for learning about the history of psychology (books, journals, podcasts)?

Classic textbooks like “A History of Modern Psychology” by Duane P. Schultz and Sydney Ellen Schultz.
Academic journals like “History of Psychology” and “Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences.”
Podcasts like “The Psych Files” and “Hidden Brain” which occasionally delve into historical topics.
I don’t have a go-to resource, I prefer to discover information through my own research and exploration.

What aspect of this era in psychology do you most want to dive deep on and explore further?

The social and cultural factors that influenced the development of psychology during this period.
The ethical implications of the applications of psychology, particularly in the context of war and industry.
The lives and work of lesser-known figures who made important but often overlooked contributions.
The cross-cultural exchange of ideas in psychology, looking beyond the dominant Western perspectives.

What’s your favorite memory related to learning about the history of psychology?

Attending a lecture by a renowned historian of psychology who brought the subject to life.
Having a thought-provoking discussion with classmates about the implications of a historical debate.
Discovering a little-known fact or story that changed my understanding of a particular event or figure.
Experiencing the satisfaction of piecing together historical evidence to form my own interpretation of the past.

What historical trends or figures in psychology are you most passionate about?

The development of humanistic psychology and its focus on human potential and well-being.
The contributions of women and minority psychologists who overcame significant obstacles to make their mark on the field.
The history of social movements and their intersection with psychology, such as the civil rights movement and feminism.
The evolution of psychotherapy and the development of different therapeutic approaches.

What is your absolute favorite thing about learning about this era in the history of psychology?

The intellectual challenge of grappling with complex ideas and debates.
The sense of connection to the past and the realization that we are part of a larger historical narrative.
The inspiration I draw from the dedication and perseverance of the psychologists who came before us.
The opportunity to challenge my own assumptions and expand my understanding of the human mind and behavior.

How would your friends and family describe your level of interest in the history of psychology?

As someone who loves learning about the past and can talk about it endlessly.
As someone who enjoys a good historical anecdote but doesn’t necessarily seek out that information.
As someone who appreciates history’s importance but doesn’t have a particular passion for it.
As someone who doesn’t understand why anyone would want to dwell on the past when there’s so much to learn about the present.

Tell us a little about your view on the significance of historical context when studying psychology.

I believe it’s essential to understand the historical, social, and cultural factors that have shaped the field.
I think it’s interesting to consider historical context but not strictly necessary for understanding modern psychology.
I don’t think the past is particularly relevant to understanding the current state of psychological research and practice.
I’m undecided, I see both sides of the argument and need more time to form my own opinion.

If you could choose any period in the history of psychology to travel back to and witness firsthand, which would you choose and why?

Ancient Greece, to witness the birth of philosophical inquiry into the nature of the mind and soul.
The Renaissance, to observe the emergence of humanism and its impact on our understanding of human nature.
The early 20th century, to witness the birth of modern psychology and the exciting debates that shaped the field.
I’m happy to learn about the past from a distance; time travel is not something I’ve ever fantasized about.

What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think about the challenges faced by psychologists during World War I?

Treating soldiers suffering from “shell shock” and other psychological effects of war.
Adapting their skills and knowledge to meet the demands of military service.
Navigating the ethical dilemmas associated with applying psychology in a wartime context.
Trying to maintain a sense of normalcy and continue their work amidst the chaos of war.

What affects you most when studying the history of psychology: the stories of individual psychologists, the evolution of ideas, or the broader social and cultural context?

I’m most drawn to the personal stories of individual psychologists and their journeys of discovery.
I find the evolution of ideas and how they build upon or challenge each other to be the most intellectually stimulating aspect.
I’m most interested in how psychology interacts with and is shaped by the broader social and cultural forces at play.
I’m equally interested in all of these aspects; I don’t think you can truly understand one without considering the others.

What’s your idea of a well-curated museum exhibit on the history of psychology (1916-1921)?

An exhibit that showcases original artifacts, documents, and photographs from this era.
An exhibit that uses interactive displays and multimedia elements to engage visitors.
An exhibit that presents multiple perspectives on the key debates and controversies of this period.
An exhibit that connects the history of psychology to contemporary issues and challenges.

What is your strongest personal quality as a student of history, particularly when studying the history of psychology?

My curiosity and willingness to delve into unfamiliar territory.
My critical thinking skills and ability to evaluate different perspectives and interpretations.
My empathy and ability to connect with the experiences of people from the past.
My patience and persistence in uncovering hidden connections and piecing together historical narratives.

How prepared do you feel to discuss the development of psychotechnology during this era?

Very prepared, I’ve done my research and can talk about the various applications of psychotechnology.
Somewhat prepared, I know the basics but could benefit from reviewing some key examples.
Not very prepared, I need to brush up on my knowledge of this topic.
Not prepared at all, I’m unfamiliar with the term “psychotechnology” in this context.

What happens if a new piece of evidence contradicts a widely accepted view on John B. Watson’s approach to behaviorism?

That’s exciting! It means we have more to learn and refine our understanding of his work.
I’d want to carefully examine the evidence and consider its implications before revising my views.
It wouldn’t change much, history is open to interpretation, and there’s rarely one definitive answer.
I’d be skeptical, it’s unlikely that a single piece of evidence could completely overturn established scholarship.

What do you think you need to deepen your understanding of the impact of World War I on the field of psychology?

To read firsthand accounts from psychologists who lived and worked during that time.
To explore how the war shaped the development of specific subfields, like clinical or industrial psychology.
To consider the war’s impact on the field in different countries and cultural contexts.
To reflect on the ethical implications of the ways psychology was used during wartime.

How often do you think about the ethical implications of early intelligence testing, especially given its development during this time?

Frequently, as it’s a reminder of how psychological tools can be misused and the importance of ethical considerations.
Occasionally, when I encounter examples of how these tests were used to justify discrimination or prejudice.
Rarely, I understand the historical context but prefer to focus on the positive applications of intelligence testing.
Never, I believe the benefits of intelligence testing outweigh any potential drawbacks.

How confident are you in your ability to differentiate between behaviorism and introspection as schools of thought in psychology?

Very confident, I can clearly explain the core tenets and methodologies of each approach.
Fairly confident, I understand the basic differences but might struggle with some of the nuances.
Not very confident, I need to review the defining characteristics of each school of thought.
Not confident at all, I often get them mixed up and need to do some serious studying.

How do you handle encountering biased or outdated information in historical accounts of psychology from this period?

I critically analyze the information, considering the author’s perspective and the historical context.
I try to find alternative sources that offer different perspectives on the same events or figures.
I use it as an opportunity to reflect on how far the field has come and the importance of challenging our own biases.
I find it frustrating and disheartening, which makes me hesitant to engage with historical sources.

Do you have a copy of Brett’s “History of Psychology” or another historical text on this period on your bookshelf?

Yes, I find it to be a valuable resource for my studies.
Not yet, but it’s on my list of books to purchase or borrow.
No, I haven’t felt the need to consult a dedicated history of psychology text.
I prefer to get my historical information from shorter articles or online resources.

How well do you think you could explain the complexities of the German tradition’s influence on American psychology during this time?

I believe I could provide a nuanced explanation of the various factors involved.
I could offer a basic overview, but I’d need to do more research to address the complexities.
I would struggle to articulate the specifics, as it’s a topic I haven’t explored in depth.
I would avoid discussing it altogether, as I don’t feel knowledgeable enough about the subject.

Which of the following is most accurate when it comes to your understanding of the historical development of behaviorism?

My understanding is comprehensive; I can trace its roots and evolution through various key figures and events.
My knowledge is solid, but I’m always eager to learn more about its nuances and lasting influence.
I have a general understanding, but I still have gaps in my knowledge about its historical context.
I’m just starting to learn about behaviorism and its significance within the broader field of psychology.

To what degree do you experience imposter syndrome when discussing historical topics in psychology?

Rarely, I trust my knowledge and ability to contribute meaningfully to discussions.
Occasionally, especially when I’m surrounded by experts in the field.
Frequently, I worry that my lack of formal historical training makes my contributions less valuable.
Always, I feel like an outsider looking in and prefer to listen rather than share my own thoughts.

Which of these best describes your current approach to learning about the history of psychology?

Active and engaged, I actively seek out information and enjoy exploring different perspectives.
Casual and curious, I’m open to learning but don’t always go out of my way to do so.
Passive and infrequent, I absorb information when it comes my way but don’t prioritize it.
Resistant and reluctant, I find history to be dry and irrelevant to my current interests.

What is your current biggest challenge when trying to incorporate historical context into your study of psychology?

Finding the time and resources to devote to historical research alongside my other studies.
Reconciling conflicting accounts and interpretations of historical events and figures.
Resisting the temptation to impose my own present-day biases onto the past.
Staying focused on the historical details without getting bogged down in tangents or trivia.

What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you encounter a historical figure in psychology whose views you find problematic or unethical?

Curiosity about the social and cultural norms that shaped their thinking.
A reminder of how far the field has come and the importance of learning from past mistakes.
Disappointment that someone in a position of influence held such harmful beliefs.
A desire to separate the person from their work and focus on the scientific contributions.

How do you handle grappling with the fact that many influential figures in psychology’s history held views that are now considered racist, sexist, or otherwise discriminatory?

I acknowledge the harm caused by these views while recognizing the historical context in which they were formed.
I focus on the positive contributions of these figures while condemning their harmful beliefs.
I believe it’s important to call out these harmful views and challenge the traditional narratives surrounding these figures.
It makes me uncomfortable, and I prefer to avoid engaging with the work of problematic historical figures.

How would you describe your relationship to the history of psychology?

It’s a lifelong passion that continues to fascinate and inspire me.
It’s an area of interest that I enjoy exploring in my free time.
It’s a necessary but not particularly thrilling part of my psychology education.
It’s something I don’t think about much, as I’m more focused on the present and future of the field.

Are you stuck in a cycle of prioritizing present-day psychology over its rich historical context?

No, I make a conscious effort to integrate historical perspectives into my understanding of psychology.
I’m working on it, I recognize the value of history but sometimes struggle to make time for it.
I’m not sure, I haven’t really thought about it in those terms.
Yes, and I’m perfectly fine with that; I don’t see the need to dwell on the past.

What would you say are your top struggles right now when it comes to studying the history of psychology?

Finding engaging and accessible resources that bring the history of psychology to life.
Staying organized and keeping track of the various historical figures, theories, and events.
Avoiding procrastination and making time for historical research alongside my other obligations.
Maintaining my motivation and enthusiasm when the material becomes challenging or dense.

What is your history of psychology learning goal – to gain a basic overview, to understand key figures and their contributions, or to explore specific areas in depth?

To gain a solid foundational understanding of the major trends and developments in psychology’s history.
To be able to discuss the contributions of key figures and their impact on the field.
To delve deeply into specific areas of interest, such as the history of a particular school of thought or the development of a specific psychological concept.

What do you think is missing in your current approach to studying the history of psychology, particularly this era?

A more critical lens that examines the social and cultural biases embedded in historical narratives.
A greater appreciation for the diversity of voices and perspectives within the history of psychology.
A more creative approach to engaging with the material, such as through primary source analysis or historical fiction.
A stronger connection between the history of psychology and my own personal and professional goals.

What is your current level of expertise when it comes to the specific historical and biographical works on psychology published between 1916-1921?

I’m very familiar with the major works and have explored some lesser-known publications from this period.
I’m aware of the key texts but haven’t had the opportunity to delve into them deeply.
I recognize a few titles but couldn’t speak to their content or significance.
I’m unfamiliar with any specific historical or biographical works on psychology from this era.

A scenario arises: You discover a collection of letters written by a psychologist who served in World War I. How do you respond?

I’m immediately intrigued and eager to delve into the letters to gain insight into their experiences.
I’m curious but cautious, knowing that personal correspondence can be subjective and require careful interpretation.
I’m mildly interested but might not prioritize reading them unless they relate directly to my research.
I’m not particularly interested, as I prefer secondary sources that offer a more analytical perspective.

What word best describes how you feel when learning about the history of psychology: intrigued, indifferent, overwhelmed, or inspired?

Intrigued
Indifferent
Overwhelmed
Inspired

Which of the following do you notice yourself worrying about on a day-to-day basis when it comes to your knowledge of psychology’s history?

That I’m not retaining enough information or that I’m missing crucial details.
That my understanding is too superficial and lacks the depth of a true historian of psychology.
That I’m not applying historical knowledge in meaningful ways to my current studies or practice.
I don’t really worry about it, I trust my ability to learn and grow over time.

How energized and curious do you feel in your pursuit of knowledge about the history of psychology?

Highly energized and intensely curious, it’s a subject I could talk about for hours.
Moderately energized and generally curious, I enjoy learning about it but have other interests.
Somewhat drained and mildly curious, I recognize its importance but struggle to get excited about it.
Completely unenergized and not at all curious, it’s a subject I find dry and irrelevant.

How well do you think you balance acknowledging the problematic aspects of psychology’s past with appreciating the progress that has been made?

Very well, I can hold both perspectives simultaneously and engage in nuanced discussions about the field’s history.
I’m working on it, it’s a delicate balance that requires ongoing reflection and self-awareness.
Not very well, I tend to either gloss over the negative aspects or get bogged down in them.
I’m not sure, I haven’t given it much thought, but I’m open to learning more about how to approach this.

How connected do you feel to the ongoing legacy of this period in psychology’s history?

Deeply connected, I see clear links between the ideas and events of the past and the present state of the field.
Somewhat connected, I recognize the historical roots of current trends but also see a significant departure from the past.
Minimally connected, I view this era as a distinct period that doesn’t have much bearing on contemporary psychology.
Not connected at all, I see the history of psychology as largely irrelevant to my understanding of the field today.

Which of the following is most likely to frustrate you when studying the history of psychology from 1916-1921?

Encountering gaps in the historical record or a lack of available primary sources.
Grappling with the complexities of translating older texts and ideas into a modern context.
Reconciling conflicting accounts of historical events or the motivations of key figures.
Accepting that some historical questions may never have clear or satisfying answers.

What is the trickiest part about integrating the history of psychology into your overall understanding of the field?

Avoiding the temptation to view historical figures and ideas through a present-day lens.
Synthesizing information from a wide range of sources and forming a cohesive narrative.
Remembering specific details and dates without losing sight of the broader historical trends.
Finding a balance between appreciating the contributions of the past and critically evaluating them.

Do you struggle more with understanding the specifics of different schools of thought, like behaviorism and introspection, or with grasping the broader social and cultural forces that shaped them?

I struggle more with the specifics of different schools of thought.
I struggle more with the broader social and cultural forces.
I struggle with both equally.
I don’t struggle with either; I find both aspects easy to understand.

Do you have a system in place, such as a dedicated notebook or digital folder, for organizing your notes and resources related to the history of psychology?

Yes, I’m very organized and have a system for keeping track of all my notes and materials.
I have a system, but it could be more efficient and user-friendly.
I’ve been meaning to create a system but haven’t gotten around to it yet.
I don’t have a system, I tend to be more disorganized in my approach to learning.

How do you determine your history of psychology learning objectives for each study session or research project?

I start with a clear research question or learning objective in mind and then identify relevant resources.
I let my curiosity guide me and explore topics that I find interesting or relevant to my current studies.
I rely on assigned readings or lectures to dictate my focus and scope of learning.
I don’t have specific learning objectives; I prefer a more organic and free-flowing approach to learning.

Are your personal learning goals consistently leading you to a more comprehensive understanding of psychology’s history?

Yes, I feel like I’m making steady progress towards my goals.
For the most part, although I sometimes get sidetracked or lose motivation along the way.
It’s hard to say, I haven’t established clear metrics for measuring my progress.
I’m not sure, as I don’t have specific learning goals in mind at this time.

How do you manage the emotional and intellectual challenges of confronting potentially uncomfortable or unsettling aspects of psychology’s past?

I approach these topics with sensitivity and seek out resources that offer diverse perspectives.
I remind myself that acknowledging past mistakes is essential for progress and growth.
I reach out to peers or mentors to process my thoughts and feelings.
I tend to avoid these topics altogether, as they make me uncomfortable or upset

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