1: What type of plants are Daphne species primarily known as?
A: Trees
B: Shrubs
C: Vines
D: Grasses
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne species are primarily shrubs, characterized by their upright or prostrate stems.
2: In which family is the genus Daphne classified?
A: Rosaceae
B: Thymelaeaceae
C: Fabaceae
D: Poaceae
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne belongs to the family Thymelaeaceae.
3: What are Daphne plants especially noted for?
A: Large leaves
B: Scented flowers and brightly colored berries
C: Deep roots
D: Thorny stems
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne plants are noted for their fragrant flowers and often brightly colored berries.
4: Which parts of Daphne plants are poisonous?
A: Flowers
B: Leaves
C: Roots
D: All parts, especially the berries
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: All parts of Daphne plants are poisonous, especially the berries.
5: What shape are the leaves of Daphne species usually?
A: Wider than long
B: Square
C: Longer than wide
D: Round
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daphne species have undivided leaves that are longer than they are wide.
6: How do Daphne flowers typically form on the plant?
A: Singly along the stems
B: In clusters at the stem tips or leaf axils
C: Only at the base of the plant
D: Along thick vines
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne flowers are grouped into clusters at the stem tips or in the leaf axils.
7: What color are the flowers of most evergreen Daphne species?
A: Bright pink
B: Purple
C: Greenish
D: White
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Evergreen Daphne species tend to have greenish flowers, unlike the pink flowers of deciduous types.
8: What type of ovary do Daphne species have?
A: Multi-chambered
B: Single chambered (locule)
C: Divided into sections
D: Hollow
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The ovary in Daphne plants has a single chamber.
9: Which of these types of Daphne fruit is most common?
A: Multiple seeds in a pod
B: One-seeded berries or drupes
C: Cones with seeds
D: Nut-like seed pods
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne fruits are typically one-seeded and can be fleshy berries or drupaceous.
10: When was the genus Daphne first described by Carl Linnaeus?
A: 1803
B: 1835
C: 1753
D: 1901
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Carl Linnaeus first described the genus Daphne in 1753.
11: Which scientific work first recognized the genus Daphne?
A: Systema Naturae
B: Species Plantarum
C: The Origin of Species
D: Flora of North America
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The genus Daphne was first recognized in “Species Plantarum” by Carl Linnaeus.
12: Approximately how many species are there in the genus Daphne, according to The Plant List version 1.1?
A: 70
B: 83
C: 50
D: 95
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Plant List version 1.1 accepts 83 species of Daphne.
13: Where is the genus Daphne mainly native to?
A: South America
B: Asia, Europe, and North Africa
C: Australia
D: North America
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne is native to Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
14: Which of the following uses is associated with some Daphne species?
A: Herbal medicine
B: Edible fruits
C: Making paper
D: Timber production
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Two species of Daphne are used to make paper.
15: What characteristic is common in the flowers of all Daphne species?
A: Presence of petals
B: Bracts surrounding the flowers
C: Lack of petals and formation by petaloid sepals
D: Large, showy flowers
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daphne flowers lack petals and are formed by tubular petaloid sepals.
16: What is the typical growth height of upright Daphne species?
A: Up to 1.5 m (5 ft)
B: Up to 3 m (10 ft)
C: Up to 1 m (3.3 ft)
D: Up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft)
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Upright Daphne species may grow to about 1.5 meters (5 feet).
17: Which genus was suggested to be paraphyletic in relation to Stellera in a 2009 study?
A: Edgeworthia
B: Wikstroemia
C: Diarthron
D: Thymelaea
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A 2009 study suggested Wikstroemia was paraphyletic with respect to Stellera.
18: What color are the fruits of Daphne plants most likely to be when ripe?
A: Blue
B: Red or yellow
C: Green
D: Purple
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: When ripe, Daphne fruits are usually red or yellow, sometimes black.
19: Which genus was included within Daphne by Josef Halda?
A: Thymelaea
B: Diarthron
C: Wikstroemia
D: Stellera
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Halda included Wikstroemia within the genus Daphne.
20: What is unique about the filaments of the stamens in Daphne flowers?
A: They are very long
B: They are usually short or absent
C: They are multicolored
D: They have thorns
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The filaments of stamens in Daphne flowers are usually short or completely absent.
21: How many stamens are typically found in Daphne flowers?
A: Four
B: Six
C: Eight
D: Ten
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daphne flowers usually have eight stamens arranged in two series.
22: What shape is the stigma in Daphne species?
A: Elongated
B: Star-shaped
C: Capitate (head-shaped)
D: Funnel-shaped
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The stigma in Daphne species is head-shaped, also known as capitate.
23: What is the Greek origin of the name “Daphne”?
A: Olive
B: Rose
C: Laurel
D: Pine
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The name “Daphne” comes from the Greek word for “laurel”.
24: In which clade are Daphne species classified?
A: Rosids
B: Asterids
C: Caryophyllids
D: Magnoliids
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Daphne species are classified in the clade Rosids.
25: Which Daphne species’ leaves are arranged oppositely?
A: D. laureola
B: D. mezereum
C: D. genkwa
D: D. cneorum
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: In Daphne genkwa, the leaves are arranged oppositely, unlike most other species.
26: What is the main type of habitat for many Daphne species?
A: Wetlands
B: Forests
C: Deserts
D: Rock gardens
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Many Daphne species are used in rock gardens as ornamental plants.
27: According to the Flora of North America, how many Daphne species exist?
A: 70
B: 95
C: 83
D: 41
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The Flora of North America states there are about 70 species of Daphne.
28: Who reduced several Daphne species to subspecies or varieties?
A: Carl Linnaeus
B: Josef Halda
C: Charles Darwin
D: Gregor Mendel
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Josef Halda reduced several Daphne species to subspecies or varieties.
29: What kind of leaves do Daphne plants usually have on their surface?
A: Always smooth
B: Always hairy
C: Either smooth (glabrous) or hairy
D: Thorny
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The leaf surface of Daphne plants can be either smooth (glabrous) or hairy.
30: What type of DNA was used in the 2002 study to classify Daphne and related genera?
A: Nuclear DNA
B: Mitochondrial DNA
C: Chloroplast DNA
D: Ribosomal DNA
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The 2002 study used chloroplast DNA to classify Daphne and related genera.
31: How are the sepals of Daphne flowers typically described?
A: Multi-colored
B: Tubular at the base, with free lobes at the apex
C: Very long and narrow
D: Surrounding petals
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The sepals of Daphne flowers are tubular at the base with free lobes at the apex.
32: Which Daphne species was NOT originally described by Carl Linnaeus?
A: D. mezereum
B: D. laureola
C: D. sanamunda
D: D. cneorum
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daphne sanamunda is now classified under the genus Thymelaea.
33: What is a key feature distinguishing Wikstroemia from Daphne?
A: Flower color
B: Filament length
C: Difficulty in distinction; they are very similar
D: Seed shape
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The distinction between Wikstroemia and Daphne is difficult to make; they are very similar.
34: Which genus in the Thymelaeaceae family is described as monophyletic only if combined with others?
A: Diarthron
B: Stellera
C: Edgeworthia
D: Daphne
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Daphne is monophyletic if combined with other related genera.
35: The Plant List’s version 1.1 differs from which other botanical work in the number of recognized Daphne species?
A: Species Plantarum
B: Flora of China
C: The Origin of Species
D: Flora of North America
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Plant List’s version 1.1 recognizes a different number of Daphne species compared to the Flora of China.
36: What type of gardens are smaller species of Daphne often used in?
A: Vegetable gardens
B: Herb gardens
C: Rock gardens
D: Tropical gardens
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Smaller species of Daphne are often used in rock gardens.
37: Which part of the plant is clustered towards the end of the stems in Daphne species?
A: Roots
B: Leaves
C: Flowers
D: Seeds
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The leaves of Daphne plants tend to be clustered towards the end of the stems.
38: How many species of Daphne did Carl Linnaeus initially recognize?
A: 5
B: 10
C: 20
D: 50
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Carl Linnaeus recognized 10 species of Daphne when he first described the genus.
39: Which Daphne species are known for flowering in very early spring?
A: Evergreen species only
B: Deciduous species only
C: Both evergreen and deciduous species
D: None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Many Daphne species, both evergreen and deciduous, flower in late winter or very early spring.
40: What type of growth form can some Daphne species exhibit other than upright?
A: Prostrate
B: Arborescent
C: Climbing
D: Aquatic
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Some Daphne species have prostrate (spreading low to the ground) stems.
41: What kind of study was published in 2009 related to Daphne?
A: Environmental study
B: Phylogenetic study
C: Genetic modification study
D: Conservation study
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A phylogenetic study related to Daphne and its related genera was published in 2009.
42: Where are the stamens located in Daphne flowers?
A: Outside the petals
B: Inside the sepal tube
C: At the base of the flowers
D: Along the stems
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The stamens in Daphne flowers are usually held inside the sepal tube.
43: When paper is made using Daphne species, how many species are commonly used for this purpose?
A: One
B: Two
C: Three
D: Five
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Two species of Daphne are commonly used to make paper.
44: Which Daphne species has leaves that are alternately arranged except for one species?
A: D. mezereum
B: D. laureola
C: D. genkwa
D: D. cneorum
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Daphne genkwa is the species with oppositely arranged leaves, contrary to the alternate arrangement in other species.
45: What type of tissue classification does the genus Daphne fall under?
A: Non-vascular plants
B: Tracheophytes
C: Bryophytes
D: Algae
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Daphne falls under the classification of tracheophytes, which are vascular plants.
46: Who is the author noted for including Wikstroemia within the genus Daphne?
A: Carl Linnaeus
B: F.K. Ward
C: Josef Halda
D: Charles Darwin
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Josef Halda included Wikstroemia within the genus Daphne.
47: What type of plant part is referred to as “locule” in the context of Daphne?
A: Flower
B: Leaf
C: Ovary chamber
D: Root
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Locule refers to the single chamber within the ovary of Daphne plants.
48: What times of year do many Daphne species typically flower?
A: Mid-summer
B: Late winter or early spring
C: Late summer
D: Autumn
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Many Daphne species flower in late winter or very early spring.
49: What is the botanical term for when stamens are in two series, as seen in Daphne?
A: Diplostemonous
B: Monostemonous
C: Polystemonous
D: Haplomonous
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The term diplostemonous refers to the arrangement of stamens in two series.
50: What does it mean when a plant is described as having glabrous parts?
A: Hairy
B: Smooth
C: Waxy
D: Thorny
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Glabrous means having smooth parts, which applies to some parts of the Daphne plant.
51: Which characteristic distinguishes the subfamily Thymelaeoideae, to which Daphne belongs?
A: Double flowers
B: Presence of a single locule in the ovary
C: Opposite leaf arrangement in all species
D: Deciduous nature
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A distinguishing characteristic of Thymelaeoideae is having a single locule in the ovary.
52: How are the flower colors of deciduous Daphne species typically described?
A: Always white
B: Bright pink or purple
C: Green or yellow
D: Red
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The flowers of deciduous Daphne species tend to be bright pink or purple.
53: Which genus is considered related to Daphne but difficult to distinguish?
A: Fuchsia
B: Wikstroemia
C: Hibiscus
D: Eucalyptus
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wikstroemia is considered related to Daphne but is difficult to distinguish.
54: How many species did the Flora of China consider endemic to China from the genus Daphne?
A: 10
B: 25
C: 41
D: 50
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The Flora of China reports 41 species of Daphne as endemic to China.
55: What type of flowers do most evergreen species of Daphne have?
A: Fragrant yellow flowers
B: Greenish flowers
C: Bright red flowers
D: Blue flowers
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Most evergreen species of Daphne have greenish flowers.
56: What are the fruits of Daphne typically described as when they are dry and leathery?
A: Cones
B: Nuts
C: Drupes
D: Capsules
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: When dry and leathery, the fruits of Daphne are described as drupes.
57: Which characteristic of the genus Daphne was identified by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum?
A: Thorny stems
B: Highly scented roots
C: Poisonous parts, especially berries
D: Large edible fruits
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Linnaeus identified Daphne as having all parts, especially berries, that are poisonous.
58: Where are the flower clusters of Daphne generally located?
A: At the very tip of the roots
B: In the leaf axils or forming terminal heads
C: On the bark
D: Inside hollow stems
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Flower clusters of Daphne are typically located in the leaf axils or forming terminal heads.
59: Which feature is associated with the leaves of Daphne species?
A: Always compound
B: Divided
C: Undivided
D: Curled
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The leaves of Daphne species are undivided and can be of different shapes.
60: Which of the following is true about the genus Daphne according to the cladogram presented in the study?
A: Wikstroemia and Daphne are paraphyletic
B: Daphne and Stellera form a monophyletic group
C: Daphne is the only genus in the clade
D: Daphne and Thymelaea are completely distinct
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The 2009 study suggests that the genus Wikstroemia is paraphyletic with respect to Daphne.