Before the invention of French Polishing, what was the most common method used to polish furniture?
- Linseed oil and turpentine
- Shellac and alcohol
- Beeswax and turpentine
- Gum sandarach and gum mastic
Correct Answer: Beeswax and turpentine
Correct Answer Explanation: Before the 1820s, furniture makers relied on beeswax and turpentine or linseed oil to achieve a polished finish. The introduction of French Polishing, utilizing shellac and alcohol, revolutionized the industry.
What is the main ingredient in traditional French Polish?
- Beeswax
- Linseed oil
- Shellac
- Turpentine
Correct Answer: Shellac
Correct Answer Explanation: Shellac, a resinous substance obtained from the lac insect, is the key component of French Polish. It forms a transparent, hard, and durable finish.
What was a significant advancement in the 1820s that revolutionized French Polishing?
- The invention of methylated spirits
- The development of colorless shellac
- The introduction of gum sandarach
- The discovery of gum mastic
Correct Answer: The development of colorless shellac
Correct Answer Explanation: The invention of colorless shellac in the 1820s was a major breakthrough, allowing for transparent finishes on light-colored woods, preserving their natural beauty.
What is the purpose of “spiriting-off” in French Polishing?
- To remove dust and debris from the surface
- To apply a thin layer of polish
- To create a smooth and even finish
- To remove smudges and imperfections from the polish
Correct Answer: To remove smudges and imperfections from the polish
Correct Answer Explanation: Spiriting-off involves using spirits of wine to remove any smudges or imperfections on the surface of the polish, resulting in a clear and brilliant finish.
What is a “dead-oil finish” commonly used for black walnut furniture?
- A high-gloss, reflective finish
- A smooth, matte finish
- A slightly glossy, “egg-shell” finish
- A deep, dark stain
Correct Answer: A smooth, matte finish
Correct Answer Explanation: The “dead-oil finish” is a smooth, matte finish achieved using a combination of shellac, oil, and japan, often preferred for black walnut furniture.
What is the purpose of “filling-in” in French Polishing?
- To seal the wood pores and create a smooth surface
- To add color and depth to the wood
- To enhance the sheen of the polish
- To protect the wood from scratches
Correct Answer: To seal the wood pores and create a smooth surface
Correct Answer Explanation: “Filling-in” involves using mixtures like Russian tallow and plaster of Paris to fill the pores of the wood, creating a smooth and imporous surface for better polish application.
What is the key difference between French Polishing and enamelling?
- French Polishing uses shellac, while enamelling uses oil-based paints.
- French Polishing creates a transparent finish, while enamelling creates a solid, colored surface.
- French Polishing is suitable for all types of wood, while enamelling is only for hardwoods.
- French Polishing is a more modern technique, while enamelling is an older technique.
Correct Answer: French Polishing creates a transparent finish, while enamelling creates a solid, colored surface.
Correct Answer Explanation: French Polishing uses shellac to achieve a high-gloss, transparent finish, while enamelling uses layers of paint and varnish to create a smooth, glossy surface of various colors.
What is a mordant used for in wood staining?
- To create a smoother surface for staining
- To prevent the stain from fading
- To enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface
- To create a distressed, antique look
Correct Answer: To enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface
Correct Answer Explanation: Mordants, such as ox-gall, are chemical substances that enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface, making the stain more vibrant and lasting.
What is the most common ingredient in “Japan” varnish, often used in American polishing techniques?
- Shellac
- Linseed oil
- Turpentine
- Gum sandarach
Correct Answer: Shellac
Correct Answer Explanation: “Japan” varnish, commonly used in America, is made from shellac, linseed oil, and other ingredients. It provides a durable and resistant finish, suitable for various climates.
What is the purpose of using felt rubbers in enamelling?
- To apply the enamel evenly
- To create a smooth, even surface by rubbing down enamel coats
- To add decorative patterns to the enamel
- To seal the enamel and protect it from scratches
Correct Answer: To create a smooth, even surface by rubbing down enamel coats
Correct Answer Explanation: Felt-covered blocks are crucial tools in enamelling. They are used to rub down the enamel coats, creating a smooth and even surface before applying the next layer.
What is the main ingredient in a “white-hard” varnish?
- Shellac
- Linseed oil
- Turpentine
- Gum mastic
Correct Answer: Shellac
Correct Answer Explanation: “White-hard” varnish, a type of varnish often used in furniture finishing, is made primarily from bleached shellac and gum sandarach, dissolved in methylated spirits.
What is a “gold size” used for in enamelling?
- To create a golden sheen on the enamel
- To add a protective layer over the enamel
- To apply gold leaf or powder for decorative purposes
- To enhance the durability of the enamel
Correct Answer: To apply gold leaf or powder for decorative purposes
Correct Answer Explanation: “Gold size” is a special adhesive used to apply gold leaf or powder to enamel surfaces, creating a permanent and durable decoration.
How many ounces of shellac are needed for a modern recipe of “Brown-Hard” varnish?
- 16 ounces
- 24 ounces
- 32 ounces
- 40 ounces
Correct Answer: 32 ounces
Correct Answer Explanation: The recipe for modern “Brown-Hard” varnish calls for 32 ounces of shellac, 8 ounces of rosin, and 8 ounces of benzoin, dissolved in 1 gallon of methylated spirits.
Which wood can be treated to imitate aged mahogany?
- Pine
- Oak
- Birch
- Cedar
Correct Answer: Birch
Correct Answer Explanation: Birch wood can be treated with aquafortis and heated to create an imitation of aged mahogany. This technique takes advantage of the wood’s grain and color properties.
What is a common way to imitate rosewood?
- Staining the wood with a mixture of walnut and mahogany stains
- Applying a layer of red dye followed by a black stain
- Using a special type of varnish that creates a rosewood-like appearance
- Treating the wood with a special chemical that changes its color
Correct Answer: Applying a layer of red dye followed by a black stain
Correct Answer Explanation: Logwood chips boiled in water and mixed with salt of tartar can be used to stain the wood a deep red. When further treated with a black stain, this creates a convincing imitation of rosewood.
What is the key to achieving a successful enamel finish?
- Using a high-quality varnish
- Applying multiple thin coats of enamel
- Applying the enamel in a single thick coat
- Using a special type of paint that dries quickly
Correct Answer: Applying multiple thin coats of enamel
Correct Answer Explanation: Achieving a smooth, even enamel finish requires applying multiple thin coats, allowing each coat to dry completely before applying the next.
Which of these materials is NOT used in enamelling?
- White lead
- Copal varnish
- Pumice stone
- Beeswax
Correct Answer: Beeswax
Correct Answer Explanation: Beeswax is primarily used in traditional polishing techniques, not enamelling. Enamelling relies on white lead, copal varnish, pumice stone, and rotten stone to create a durable and glossy finish.
What is the main difference between an “antique finish” and an “egg-shell finish”?
- An “antique finish” is more glossy than an “egg-shell finish”.
- An “antique finish” is more muted and dull than an “egg-shell finish”.
- An “antique finish” is used for modern furniture, while an “egg-shell finish” is used for older furniture.
- An “antique finish” is achieved through staining, while an “egg-shell finish” is achieved through polishing.
Correct Answer: An “antique finish” is more muted and dull than an “egg-shell finish”.
Correct Answer Explanation: The “antique finish” is a dull, muted finish that complements the style of medieval or old English furniture, often achieved using wax and turpentine. The “egg-shell finish” is a slightly glossy, yet not overly shiny finish, commonly used for black walnut furniture.
What is the purpose of stenciling in enamelling?
- To create a smooth, even surface for the enamel
- To add decorative patterns to the enamel
- To protect the enamel from scratches
- To create a distressed, antique look
Correct Answer: To add decorative patterns to the enamel
Correct Answer Explanation: Stencil patterns are used to create decorative designs on enamel surfaces, adding a unique and artistic touch to the furniture.
In the first French Polishing recipe published in the 1820s, how many drachms of gum sandarach were used?
- 2 drachms
- 7 drachms
- 14 drachms
- 28 drachms
Correct Answer: 14 drachms
Correct Answer Explanation: The original French Polish recipe from the 1820s called for 14 ounces 2 drachms of gum sandarach, 7 ounces 2 drachms of gum mastic, 14 ounces 2 drachms of shellac, and 3 quarts and 1 pint of alcohol.
What is the key to achieving a durable and resistant finish in French Polishing?
- Using a high-quality shellac
- Applying multiple thin coats of polish
- Allowing each coat to dry thoroughly
- Using a special type of varnish over the polish
Correct Answer: Allowing each coat to dry thoroughly
Correct Answer Explanation: A crucial aspect of French Polishing is ensuring sufficient drying time for each coat before applying the next. This ensures a smooth, even finish and prevents cracking or imperfections.
Which of these woods is NOT mentioned as being commonly imitated through staining techniques?
- Mahogany
- Rosewood
- Walnut
- Maple
Correct Answer: Maple
Correct Answer Explanation: The book discusses techniques for imitating mahogany, rosewood, walnut, and ebony. Maple is not mentioned as being commonly imitated, likely because its unique grain and color patterns are not readily replicated.
Which of these materials is NOT mentioned as being a key ingredient in varnishes?
- Shellac
- Rosin
- Gum sandarach
- Turpentine
Correct Answer: Turpentine
Correct Answer Explanation: While turpentine is often used as a thinner or solvent in various polishing and staining processes, it is not a primary ingredient in varnishes. Shellac, rosin, and gum sandarach are common components of varnishes, contributing to their durability and clarity.
What is the most common type of finish used for black walnut furniture?
- High-gloss
- Matte
- Eggshell
- Antique
Correct Answer: Eggshell
Correct Answer Explanation: The “egg-shell finish” is a slightly glossy, yet not overly shiny finish, commonly preferred for black walnut furniture. It complements the wood’s natural beauty and adds a touch of elegance.
What is a key characteristic of American polishing techniques?
- They rely heavily on the use of mordants.
- They focus on achieving a high-gloss finish.
- They are designed to withstand extreme temperature fluctuations.
- They utilize a special type of shellac not found elsewhere.
Correct Answer: They are designed to withstand extreme temperature fluctuations.
Correct Answer Explanation: American polishers developed unique techniques for achieving durable finishes that could withstand extreme temperature changes, often encountered in different climates.
In the 1840s, what important innovation replaced rectified spirits of naphtha in the production of polishes and varnishes?
- Turpentine
- Methylated spirits
- Linseed oil
- Shellac
Correct Answer: Methylated spirits
Correct Answer Explanation: The introduction of methylated spirits as a substitute for rectified spirits of naphtha in the 1840s was an important innovation in the production of polishes and varnishes. It provided a more readily available and affordable alternative.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a successful French Polish finish?
- Transparency
- Durability
- Smoothness
- Color
Correct Answer: Color
Correct Answer Explanation: A French Polish finish is known for its transparency, durability, and smoothness. It does not typically add significant color to the wood, instead preserving its natural beauty.
Which of these is NOT a tool or material used in French Polishing?
- Rubber
- Shellac
- Alcohol
- Pumice stone
Correct Answer: Pumice stone
Correct Answer Explanation: Pumice stone is primarily used in enamelling to smooth the surface. French Polishing relies on rubber, shellac, and alcohol to achieve its characteristic high-gloss finish.
What is the main purpose of “Japan” varnish?
- To create a highly durable and resistant finish
- To enhance the color of the wood
- To create a distressed, antique look
- To imitate the appearance of rosewood
Correct Answer: To create a highly durable and resistant finish
Correct Answer Explanation: “Japan” varnish is known for its durability and resistance, making it suitable for various applications, including furniture finishing.
What is the purpose of using rotten stone in enamelling?
- To create a smooth, even surface
- To add decorative patterns
- To protect the enamel from scratches
- To create a distressed, antique look
Correct Answer: To create a smooth, even surface
Correct Answer Explanation: Rotten stone is used in enamelling to smooth the surface, removing any imperfections before applying the final coats.
What is the key difference between a “white-hard” varnish and a “brown-hard” varnish?
- The “white-hard” varnish is used for light-colored woods, while the “brown-hard” varnish is used for darker woods.
- The “white-hard” varnish is made with bleached shellac, while the “brown-hard” varnish is made with regular shellac.
- The “white-hard” varnish has a matte finish, while the “brown-hard” varnish has a glossy finish.
- The “white-hard” varnish is more durable than the “brown-hard” varnish.
Correct Answer: The “white-hard” varnish is made with bleached shellac, while the “brown-hard” varnish is made with regular shellac.
Correct Answer Explanation: The “white-hard” varnish uses bleached shellac to achieve a clear, transparent finish, while the “brown-hard” varnish uses regular shellac, which may have a slight amber tint.
What is the best way to prevent cracking in French Polishing?
- Using a high-quality shellac
- Applying the polish in a single thick coat
- Allowing each coat to dry thoroughly
- Using a special type of varnish over the polish
Correct Answer: Allowing each coat to dry thoroughly
Correct Answer Explanation: Cracking in French Polishing is often caused by applying the next coat before the previous one has dried completely. Ensuring sufficient drying time between coats is essential for a smooth and durable finish.
Which of these is NOT a common technique for imitating expensive woods?
- Staining
- Varnishing
- Mordanting
- Using a special type of wood veneer
Correct Answer: Using a special type of wood veneer
Correct Answer Explanation: While wood veneer is used in furniture making to create a specific appearance, it is not a technique for imitating expensive woods. Staining, varnishing, and mordanting are common techniques used to replicate the look of more costly woods on less expensive materials.
What is the purpose of applying gold leaf or powder to an enamel surface?
- To create a decorative element
- To enhance the durability of the enamel
- To protect the enamel from scratches
- To create a smooth, even surface
Correct Answer: To create a decorative element
Correct Answer Explanation: Applying gold leaf or powder to an enamel surface is a decorative technique that adds a touch of luxury and elegance to the furniture.
Which of these is NOT a reason why French Polishing was a major advancement in furniture finishing?
- It created a more durable finish than previous methods.
- It allowed for transparent finishes on light-colored woods.
- It was a more affordable technique than previous methods.
- It was easier to apply than previous methods.
Correct Answer: It was a more affordable technique than previous methods.
Correct Answer Explanation: While French Polishing offered several advantages over previous methods, affordability was not necessarily a significant factor. The techniques and materials used in French Polishing could still be relatively expensive, especially for high-quality finishes.
Which of these is NOT a common ingredient used in “Japan” varnish?
- Shellac
- Linseed oil
- Litharge
- Beeswax
Correct Answer: Beeswax
Correct Answer Explanation: Beeswax is not typically used in “Japan” varnish. It is mainly associated with traditional polishing methods. “Japan” varnish commonly includes shellac, linseed oil, litharge, and other ingredients.
What is the key difference between French Polishing and “dead-oil” finishing?
- French Polishing uses shellac, while “dead-oil” finishing uses oil-based paints.
- French Polishing creates a high-gloss finish, while “dead-oil” finishing creates a matte finish.
- French Polishing is suitable for all types of wood, while “dead-oil” finishing is only for hardwoods.
- French Polishing is a more modern technique, while “dead-oil” finishing is an older technique.
Correct Answer: French Polishing creates a high-gloss finish, while “dead-oil” finishing creates a matte finish.
Correct Answer Explanation: French Polishing, with its shellac-based polish, typically creates a high-gloss finish. “Dead-oil” finishing, often used for black walnut furniture, aims for a smooth, matte finish, utilizing a combination of shellac, oil, and japan.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a successful enamel finish?
- Smoothness
- Durability
- Transparency
- Color
Correct Answer: Transparency
Correct Answer Explanation: Enamelling creates a solid, colored surface, not a transparent finish. The goal is to achieve a smooth, durable, and colorful finish that enhances the furniture’s appearance.
What is the main purpose of using a stencil in enamelling?
- To create a smooth, even surface for the enamel
- To add decorative patterns to the enamel
- To protect the enamel from scratches
- To create a distressed, antique look
Correct Answer: To add decorative patterns to the enamel
Correct Answer Explanation: Stencils are used in enamelling to create decorative patterns on the surface, adding an artistic touch to the furniture.
Which of these is NOT a common type of finish discussed in the book?
- High-gloss
- Eggshell
- Antique
- Metallic
Correct Answer: Metallic
Correct Answer Explanation: While metallic finishes were certainly used in furniture making, the book primarily focuses on high-gloss, eggshell, and antique finishes, which were popular in the early 20th century.
What is the purpose of using pumice stone in enamelling?
- To apply the enamel evenly
- To create a smooth, even surface
- To add decorative patterns
- To protect the enamel from scratches
Correct Answer: To create a smooth, even surface
Correct Answer Explanation: Pumice stone is used in enamelling to smooth the surface between coats, removing any imperfections before applying the final finish.
Which of these is NOT a key ingredient in the first published French Polish recipe?
- Gum sandarach
- Gum mastic
- Shellac
- Linseed oil
Correct Answer: Linseed oil
Correct Answer Explanation: The original French Polish recipe from the 1820s included gum sandarach, gum mastic, shellac, and alcohol. Linseed oil is more commonly associated with traditional polishing methods using beeswax or oil-based finishes.
What is the main purpose of mordanting in wood staining?
- To enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface
- To create a smoother surface for staining
- To prevent the stain from fading
- To create a distressed, antique look
Correct Answer: To enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface
Correct Answer Explanation: Mordants are chemical substances that enhance the color and fix the dye on the wood’s surface, making the stain more vibrant and lasting.
Which of these is NOT a common material used in enamelling?
- White lead
- Copal varnish
- Pumice stone
- Beeswax
Correct Answer: Beeswax
Correct Answer Explanation: Beeswax is primarily associated with traditional polishing methods. Enamelling relies on materials like white lead, copal varnish, and pumice stone to achieve a smooth, glossy finish.
What is the key to achieving a successful “dead-oil” finish on black walnut furniture?
- Using a high-quality shellac
- Applying multiple thin coats of polish
- Using a special type of varnish over the polish
- Applying a combination of shellac, oil, and japan
Correct Answer: Applying a combination of shellac, oil, and japan
Correct Answer Explanation: The “dead-oil” finish, often used for black walnut furniture, is achieved by using a combination of shellac, oil, and japan to create a smooth, matte finish.
Which of these is NOT a common technique for imitating wood?
- Staining
- Varnishing
- Mordanting
- Using a special type of wood veneer
Correct Answer: Using a special type of wood veneer
Correct Answer Explanation: While wood veneer is used in furniture making, it is not a technique for imitating specific woods. Staining, varnishing, and mordanting are common methods used to replicate the appearance of more expensive woods on less costly materials.
What is the main purpose of using a gold size in enamelling?
- To create a golden sheen on the enamel
- To add a protective layer over the enamel
- To apply gold leaf or powder for decorative purposes
- To enhance the durability of the enamel
Correct Answer: To apply gold leaf or powder for decorative purposes
Correct Answer Explanation: “Gold size” is a special adhesive used to apply gold leaf or powder to enamel surfaces, creating a decorative element that adds a touch of luxury and elegance to the furniture.