What is the crucial element for success in japanning, according to the 1913 handbook?
- Patience
- Skill
- Cleanliness
- Creativity
Correct Answer: Cleanliness
Correct Answer Explanation: The 1913 handbook emphasizes the importance of cleanliness in achieving successful japanning or enamelling. Dust and dirt can mar the finish, so a clean workspace is essential.
What is the primary difference between the English method of japanning and the traditional Japanese method?
- The English method uses a natural lacquer while the Japanese method uses synthetic varnish.
- The English method uses synthetic varnish while the Japanese method uses a natural lacquer.
- The English method is less expensive but results in less durable coatings than the traditional Japanese method.
- The English method is more expensive but results in more durable coatings than the traditional Japanese method.
Correct Answer: The English method is less expensive but results in less durable coatings than the traditional Japanese method.
Correct Answer Explanation: The English method of japanning is simpler and less costly than the traditional Japanese method, but its coatings are less durable.
Which type of stove is recommended for japanning in the 1913 handbook?
- Wood-fired stove
- Coal-fired stove
- Gas stove
- Electric stove
Correct Answer: Gas stove
Correct Answer Explanation: The handbook considers gas stoves the most practical and efficient option for enamelling and japanning. They offer precise temperature control and safety compared to other options.
What is the traditional priming coat used in japanning?
- White lead mixed with linseed oil
- Paris white mixed with size
- Red lead mixed with turpentine
- Zinc oxide mixed with varnish
Correct Answer: Paris white mixed with size
Correct Answer Explanation: The priming coat used in japanning traditionally consists of Paris white (levigated whiting) mixed with size.
What is the most common method used to achieve a tortoise-shell effect in japanning?
- Applying a layer of gold leaf followed by a layer of black varnish
- Applying a layer of vermilion followed by a layer of black varnish, then heating
- Applying a layer of black varnish followed by a layer of gold leaf, then heating
- Applying a layer of white varnish followed by a layer of black varnish, then heating
Correct Answer: Applying a layer of vermilion followed by a layer of black varnish, then heating
Correct Answer Explanation: This ground is created by applying a thin layer of vermilion followed by a coat of black varnish, then subjected to intense heat for a prolonged period, resulting in a beautiful, hard surface that resembles tortoise-shell.
What is the purpose of stoving in japanning?
- To add a decorative effect to the surface
- To remove any imperfections from the surface
- To harden the varnish and create a durable finish
- To prevent the varnish from cracking
Correct Answer: To harden the varnish and create a durable finish
Correct Answer Explanation: Stoving, a process of baking the coated surfaces, is essential for hardening the varnish and achieving a durable finish.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using natural Japanese lacquer for japanning?
- Faster drying time
- Superior durability
- Wider range of colours
- Less prone to cracking
Correct Answer: Wider range of colours
Correct Answer Explanation: While natural Japanese lacquer offers faster drying time and superior durability, it has a more limited colour range compared to synthetic varnishes used in the English method of japanning.
Which of the following statements about japanning tin is TRUE?
- It requires a preliminary coating of black paint before applying the final coats of varnish.
- It requires a preliminary coating of white paint before applying the final coats of varnish.
- It requires a preliminary coating of silver leaf before applying the final coats of varnish.
- It requires a preliminary coating of gold leaf before applying the final coats of varnish.
Correct Answer: It requires a preliminary coating of black paint before applying the final coats of varnish.
Correct Answer Explanation: For japanning tin, a preliminary coating of vegetable black mixed with super black japan varnish is applied before adding the final coats of super black japan.
What is the recommended temperature for stoving white or light-colored japans?
- Higher than for darker colours
- Lower than for darker colours
- The same as for darker colours
- It depends on the type of varnish used
Correct Answer: Lower than for darker colours
Correct Answer Explanation: For white or light-coloured japans or enamels, lower temperatures are required for stoving than for darker colours.
Which of the following is a common method of galvanizing?
- Electro deposition of zinc
- Hot galvanizing
- Cold galvanizing
- All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Correct Answer Explanation: The book mentions electro deposition of zinc, hot galvanizing, and cold galvanizing as common methods of galvanizing.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of hot galvanizing?
- Provides a thicker zinc coating
- More uniform coverage
- Less brittleness
- Better resistance to corrosion
Correct Answer: More uniform coverage
Correct Answer Explanation: Hot galvanizing provides a thicker zinc coating and better resistance to corrosion but is known for less uniform coverage and more brittleness compared to the cold process.
What is the purpose of adding aluminium to the molten zinc bath in hot galvanizing?
- To increase the thickness of the coating
- To decrease the thickness of the coating
- To improve the appearance of the coating
- To reduce the cost of the process
Correct Answer: To decrease the thickness of the coating
Correct Answer Explanation: The addition of aluminium to the molten zinc bath for hot galvanizing reduces the thickness of the coating applied.
What is the recommended way to clean japanning or enamelling work before applying enamel?
- With a damp cloth
- With a dry cloth
- With a solvent like turpentine
- With a mild soap solution
Correct Answer: With a mild soap solution
Correct Answer Explanation: All japanning or enamelling work must be thoroughly cleaned before applying enamel. A mild soap solution is recommended for this purpose.
What is the ideal way to apply enamel to large pieces of work?
- Using a brush
- Using a spray gun
- Dipping in a trough of enamel
- Using a roller
Correct Answer: Dipping in a trough of enamel
Correct Answer Explanation: Enamelling is best done by dipping large pieces of work in a trough of enamel, allowing them to drain, and then baking.
What is the primary purpose of a japan ground?
- To create a smooth and even surface for decoration
- To prevent the varnish from cracking
- To protect the underlying material from moisture
- To add a decorative effect to the surface
Correct Answer: To create a smooth and even surface for decoration
Correct Answer Explanation: A japan ground is a base layer of varnish and pigment used as a foundation for decoration in japanning. It creates a smooth and even surface for applying further layers of paint or varnish.
Which of the following is NOT a common type of japan ground?
- Tortoise-shell ground
- Black ground
- White ground
- Gold ground
Correct Answer: Gold ground
Correct Answer Explanation: While gold leaf is sometimes used in japanning, a specific “gold ground” is not a common type of japan ground. Tortoise-shell, black, and white grounds are common.
What is the primary difference between shellac varnish and copal varnish?
- Shellac varnish is more durable than copal varnish.
- Shellac varnish is less durable than copal varnish.
- Shellac varnish is more expensive than copal varnish.
- Shellac varnish is less expensive than copal varnish.
Correct Answer: Shellac varnish is less durable than copal varnish.
Correct Answer Explanation: Shellac varnish is less durable than copal varnish but is often preferred for its ease of use and ability to produce a smooth finish.
What is the primary reason for using a cheaper enamel for the first coat of large jobs?
- To reduce the cost of the project
- To provide a smoother surface for the subsequent coats
- To prevent the enamel from cracking
- To create a more durable finish
Correct Answer: To reduce the cost of the project
Correct Answer Explanation: It is recommended to use a cheaper enamel for the first coat of large jobs to reduce the cost of the project. Subsequent coats can use a higher quality enamel for a more durable and aesthetically pleasing finish.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the stoving temperature for japanning?
- The colour of the japan
- The type of varnish used
- The size of the object being japanned
- The thickness of the japan coats
Correct Answer: The size of the object being japanned
Correct Answer Explanation: The size of the object being japanned does not significantly affect the stoving temperature. The colour of the japan, the type of varnish used, and the thickness of the japan coats are all factors that influence the stoving temperature.
What is the primary reason for keeping the enamel thoroughly mixed?
- To prevent the enamel from settling
- To prevent the enamel from cracking
- To ensure the consistency of the enamel
- To make the enamel easier to apply
Correct Answer: To ensure the consistency of the enamel
Correct Answer Explanation: The enamel should be kept thoroughly mixed to prevent streaky work. Consistency is crucial for achieving a uniform and aesthetically pleasing finish.
What is the recommended way to polish the surface before enamelling?
- With a coarse sandpaper
- With a fine sandpaper
- With a steel wool
- With a buffing wheel
Correct Answer: With a fine sandpaper
Correct Answer Explanation: The finer the surface is polished, the better the enamelling and finish. A fine sandpaper is recommended for achieving a smooth and even surface.
What is the primary purpose of tarring sheet-iron pipes?
- To create a decorative effect
- To prevent rust
- To make the pipes easier to handle
- To increase the strength of the pipes
Correct Answer: To prevent rust
Correct Answer Explanation: Tarring sheet-iron pipes creates a rust-resistant coating. Coal tar, when applied and heated, forms a protective layer that helps prevent corrosion.
What is the primary difference between cold galvanizing and hot galvanizing?
- Cold galvanizing uses a thicker zinc coating than hot galvanizing.
- Cold galvanizing uses a thinner zinc coating than hot galvanizing.
- Cold galvanizing uses a different type of zinc than hot galvanizing.
- Cold galvanizing does not involve dipping the object in a zinc bath.
Correct Answer: Cold galvanizing uses a thinner zinc coating than hot galvanizing.
Correct Answer Explanation: Cold galvanizing uses an electrolytic process to apply a zinc coating, resulting in a thinner coating than the hot process.
What is the main advantage of using a bronzing composition on polished brass objects?
- It creates a more durable finish
- It adds a decorative effect
- It protects the brass from corrosion
- It makes the brass easier to clean
Correct Answer: It adds a decorative effect
Correct Answer Explanation: Bronzing compositions are used to create different colours on polished brass objects, adding a decorative effect to the surface.
Which of the following is NOT a common colour achievable through bronzing compositions?
- Green
- Brown
- Violet
- Red
Correct Answer: Red
Correct Answer Explanation: Common colours achievable through bronzing compositions include shades of green, brown, violet, and blue but not red.
Which of the following is a common use for a black varnish for sewing machines?
- To prevent rust
- To repair scratched or damaged japan surfaces
- To create a decorative effect
- To make the sewing machine easier to clean
Correct Answer: To repair scratched or damaged japan surfaces
Correct Answer Explanation: A black varnish can be used to repair scratched or damaged japan surfaces on sewing machines. The varnish helps restore the original black finish and protect the underlying metal.
Which of the following statements about the electro deposition of zinc is TRUE?
- It is the most common method of galvanizing.
- It is more reliable than hot galvanizing.
- It is less expensive than hot galvanizing.
- It is not as effective as hot galvanizing in preventing corrosion.
Correct Answer: It is not as effective as hot galvanizing in preventing corrosion.
Correct Answer Explanation: While electro deposition of zinc (cold galvanizing) offers some advantages, the book states it was found to be costly and unreliable, giving way to the hot galvanizing process.
Which of the following metals is considered to be a less effective protective coating for iron than zinc?
- Lead
- Tin
- Copper
- Aluminium
Correct Answer: Lead
Correct Answer Explanation: Lead, despite its resistance to certain acids, is not as effective a protective coating for iron as zinc.
What is the primary function of a black stain for iron?
- To prevent rust
- To create a decorative effect
- To make the iron easier to clean
- To increase the strength of the iron
Correct Answer: To create a decorative effect
Correct Answer Explanation: Black stain for iron is used to colour iron and steel a dead black, creating a decorative effect.
What is the primary advantage of using shellac varnish for binding and preserving pigments in japanning?
- It dries quickly and produces a smooth finish
- It is very durable and resistant to cracking
- It is inexpensive and readily available
- It is compatible with a wide range of pigments
Correct Answer: It dries quickly and produces a smooth finish
Correct Answer Explanation: Shellac varnish is a common choice for binding and preserving pigments in japanning because it dries quickly and produces a smooth finish.
What is the primary purpose of a modern lacquer technique for japanning?
- To achieve a more durable finish
- To create a more decorative effect
- To reduce the cost of the process
- To make the process easier
Correct Answer: To achieve a more durable finish
Correct Answer Explanation: Modern methods using natural Japanese lacquer offer faster drying time and superior durability compared to traditional methods, making it a preferred choice for achieving a durable finish.
What is the primary reason for the development of new technologies like the use of natural Japanese lacquer in the early 20th century?
- To improve the aesthetic appeal of japanning
- To make japanning more affordable
- To increase the efficiency and innovation of manufacturing processes
- To create new and unique decorative effects
Correct Answer: To increase the efficiency and innovation of manufacturing processes
Correct Answer Explanation: The advancement of gas heating and the development of new technologies like the use of natural Japanese lacquer reflected the growing importance of innovation and efficiency in manufacturing during the early 20th century.
Which of the following statements about the process of enamelling bedstead frames is TRUE?
- It requires the use of a specialized stove.
- It involves dipping the frame in a trough of enamel.
- It is a very time-consuming process.
- It produces a very delicate finish.
Correct Answer: It involves dipping the frame in a trough of enamel.
Correct Answer Explanation: Large pieces like bedstead frames are dipped in a trough of enamel, allowed to drain, and baked to harden the finish.
Which of the following is NOT a common type of enamelling stove?
- Atmospheric burner stove
- Hot water pipe stove
- Electric stove
- Direct fire stove
Correct Answer: Electric stove
Correct Answer Explanation: While electric stoves are widely used for other purposes, they are not commonly used for enamelling. Atmospheric burner stoves, hot water pipe stoves, and direct fire stoves are more common options for enamelling.
What is the primary reason for using a mixture of bismuth chloride, mercury bi-chloride, copper chloride, hydrochloric acid, alcohol, and lamp-black to create a black stain for iron?
- To prevent rust
- To create a durable finish
- To achieve a specific shade of black
- To make the iron easier to clean
Correct Answer: To achieve a specific shade of black
Correct Answer Explanation: This mixture is used to colour iron and steel a dead black, achieving a specific shade of black for decorative purposes.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the thickness of a zinc coating applied by the hot process?
- The temperature of the zinc bath
- The time the object is submerged in the bath
- The type of metal being galvanized
- The size of the object being galvanized
Correct Answer: The size of the object being galvanized
Correct Answer Explanation: While the size of the object being galvanized can affect the amount of zinc used, it does not directly affect the thickness of the coating applied. The temperature of the zinc bath, the time the object is submerged, and the type of metal being galvanized all influence the thickness of the zinc coating.
Which of the following is NOT a common ingredient in a bronzing composition?
- Copper chloride
- Mercury bi-chloride
- Bismuth chloride
- Gold chloride
Correct Answer: Gold chloride
Correct Answer Explanation: While gold chloride is used in some other applications, it is not a common ingredient in bronzing compositions. Bronzing compositions typically include salts like copper chloride, mercury bi-chloride, and bismuth chloride to achieve various colours on polished brass objects.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the formation of dross during the hot galvanizing process?
- The temperature of the zinc bath
- The presence of impurities in the zinc
- The time the object is submerged in the bath
- The size of the object being galvanized
Correct Answer: The size of the object being galvanized
Correct Answer Explanation: The size of the object being galvanized does not directly contribute to the formation of dross. The temperature of the zinc bath, the presence of impurities in the zinc, and the time the object is submerged in the bath all contribute to the formation of dross during the hot galvanizing process.
Which of the following is a potential negative effect of adding tin to the hot bath for hot galvanizing?
- It can increase the thickness of the zinc coating.
- It can shorten the life of the protective coating.
- It can improve the appearance of the coating.
- It can reduce the cost of the process.
Correct Answer: It can shorten the life of the protective coating.
Correct Answer Explanation: Adding tin to the hot bath for hot galvanizing can shorten the life of the protective coating, potentially making it less effective in preventing corrosion.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a gas stove for enamelling and japanning?
- Precise temperature control
- Safety
- Cost-effectiveness
- Efficiency
Correct Answer: Cost-effectiveness
Correct Answer Explanation: While gas stoves offer precise temperature control, safety, and efficiency for enamelling and japanning, they may not always be the most cost-effective option depending on fuel costs and other factors.
What is the primary difference between the use of natural Japanese lacquer and traditional varnish in japanning?
- Natural Japanese lacquer is more expensive than traditional varnish.
- Natural Japanese lacquer is less expensive than traditional varnish.
- Natural Japanese lacquer is more durable than traditional varnish.
- Natural Japanese lacquer is less durable than traditional varnish.
Correct Answer: Natural Japanese lacquer is more durable than traditional varnish.
Correct Answer Explanation: Natural Japanese lacquer is known for its superior durability compared to traditional varnishes used in the English method of japanning.
Which of the following is a common type of pigment used in japan grounds?
- Shellac
- Copal
- Vermilion
- Turpentine
Correct Answer: Vermilion
Correct Answer Explanation: Vermilion is a common type of pigment used in japan grounds, particularly for creating the tortoise-shell effect. Shellac, copal, and turpentine are varnishes or solvents used in japanning but not pigments.
What is the primary reason for using a mixture of vegetable black and super black japan varnish for the preliminary coating of tin goods?
- To achieve a more durable finish
- To create a smoother surface
- To prevent rust
- To add a decorative effect
Correct Answer: To achieve a more durable finish
Correct Answer Explanation: This preliminary coating helps create a more durable base for the final coats of super black japan varnish, ensuring a longer-lasting and aesthetically pleasing finish for tin goods.
Which of the following is NOT a common type of surface that is japanned?
- Paper
- Wood
- Metal
- Glass
Correct Answer: Glass
Correct Answer Explanation: While japanning techniques can be applied to various surfaces, glass is not a common material for japanning. Paper, wood, and metal are more traditional surfaces for this process.