Overview:
This 1913 guide, Making a Fireplace by Henry H. Saylor, dives into the construction and maintenance of fireplaces. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding the scientific principles behind successful fireplace design, noting that while many fireplaces are built, few actually function optimally. He asserts that the most common mistake is ignoring the proper ratio between the fireplace opening and the flue size, which can lead to excessive drafts and smoke. He advocates for building fireplaces with a narrow throat and a smoke shelf to ensure a steady flame and efficient heat distribution.
Saylor also explores the various materials used for fireplace facings and mantels, highlighting the enduring popularity of brick for its practicality and aesthetic appeal. He discusses the use of stone, concrete, and tile, and cautions against using glazed tiles for fireplace openings, as they are not heat-resistant.
Key Findings:
- Successful fireplace design requires understanding the principles of air circulation and flue size.
- A narrow throat and smoke shelf are essential for preventing smoke and maximizing heat output.
- Properly building a fire with dry fuel and a bed of ashes is crucial for optimal performance and enjoyment.
Learning:
- Understanding the Science of Fireplace Design: The reader will learn that a fireplace’s success depends on the ratio between the opening and the flue size. The flue should have a cross-section area that is one-tenth of the opening’s area. This ensures proper draft and prevents excessive smoke.
- The Importance of the Throat and Smoke Shelf: The guide explains that a narrow throat and smoke shelf are essential for directing the hot air current upward and preventing a downdraft of cold air, which would push smoke into the room.
- Building a Successful Fire: The reader will gain insight into the proper methods of building a fire, using dry fuel, a backlog, and a forelog, as well as the significance of maintaining a bed of ashes for optimal heat generation.
Historical Context: This book was written in 1913, a time when the use of wood as a primary fuel source was still common, especially in rural areas. The text reflects the values of the era, emphasizing the importance of efficiency and practicality, while also acknowledging the aesthetic appeal of a well-designed fireplace.
Facts:
- The Importance of a Large Flue: A large flue is necessary for adequate draft and prevents excessive smoke.
- The Development of the Fireplace: The fireplace has evolved from a basic necessity for survival to a luxury and symbol of home comfort.
- The Preference for Wood: Wood is the preferred fuel for fireplaces, as it provides a more natural and enjoyable experience compared to coal.
- The Importance of Dry Fuel: Dry wood burns more efficiently and produces less smoke.
- The Use of Backlog: A backlog is a large log placed against the back of the fireplace, protecting the brickwork and providing a steady base for the fire.
- The Use of Forelog: A forelog is placed on the andirons, controlling the fire’s size and intensity.
- The Use of Ashes: A thick layer of ashes helps regulate the fire’s intensity, ensures even burning, and creates a beautiful glowing ember bed.
- The Popularity of Brick: Brick is a practical and aesthetically pleasing material for fireplace facings and mantels.
- The Need for a Smoke Shelf: The smoke shelf, placed just above the throat, prevents a downdraft of cold air, ensuring a steady flame and preventing smoke.
- The Importance of a Narrow Throat: A narrow throat helps regulate the flow of hot air, maximizing heat output and minimizing smoke.
- The Use of Cast-Iron Throat Dampers: Cast-iron throat dampers are recommended to ensure proper construction of the throat and to provide a means of controlling the draft.
- The Importance of Terra Cotta Flue Lining: Terra cotta flue lining ensures smooth, regular sides that prevent clogging and promote efficient draft.
- The Use of Cement Mortar: Cement mortar is stronger and more durable than lime mortar, making it ideal for fireplace construction.
- The Importance of Properly Laid Brickwork: The brickwork in the fireplace and chimney must be laid properly to ensure stability and prevent leaks.
- The Use of Andirons: Andirons provide a stable base for the fuel, allowing for proper air circulation and efficient burning.
- The Use of Fireplace Tools: Fireplace tools, such as pokers, tongs, and shovels, are essential for managing the fire.
- The Importance of a Fireplace Screen: A fireplace screen prevents sparks from escaping and causing damage.
- The Use of a Wood Receptacle: A wood receptacle provides a convenient storage solution for fuel, eliminating the need to carry logs from the cellar or woodpile.
- The Use of a Fireplace Crane: A fireplace crane is a picturesque feature for large fireplaces, but should be used practically rather than just for decoration.
- The Use of a Trivet: A trivet provides a stable surface for warming items, such as teakettles or toast.
Statistics:
- Flue Area Ratio: The flue cross-section area should be one-tenth of the fireplace opening’s area.
- Recommended Fireplace Opening Size: A common fireplace opening size is three feet wide by two and a half feet high, with a depth of half the width.
- Recommended Hearth Width: The hearth should extend about sixteen to eighteen inches beyond the face of the fireplace opening.
Terms:
- Andirons: Two metal bars with a single rear foot and a steadying front, used to hold logs above the hearth.
- Basket Grate: A metal grate designed to hold coal in a fireplace.
- Backlog: A large log placed at the back of the fireplace, providing a stable base for the fire and protecting the brickwork.
- Forelog: A smaller log placed on the andirons, controlling the size and intensity of the fire.
- Throat: The opening between the fire chamber and the smoke chamber, regulating the flow of hot air.
- Smoke Shelf: A ledge built just above the throat to prevent a downdraft of cold air.
- Smoke Chamber: The space above the smoke shelf, where smoke and gases rise before entering the flue.
- Flue: The vertical passageway through which smoke and gases travel from the fireplace to the outside.
- Damper: A movable plate that controls the flow of air through the flue.
- Fireplace Facing: The decorative finish applied to the front and sides of the fireplace.
Examples:
- The Colonial Fireplace: This classic type features a simple brick opening surrounded by white woodwork.
- The Craftsman Fireplace: This style often uses rough wrought iron andirons and tools, complementing the informal brick or stonework.
- The Inglenook Fireplace: This cozy type features a recessed fireplace with seating built into the chimney breast.
- The Recessed Fireplace: This design incorporates the fireplace into a wall, creating a more integrated look.
- The Double Fireplace: This design allows two fireplaces in adjacent rooms to share a single flue.
- The Open Fire in the Middle of a Room: This unusual design requires a suspended metal flue and hood, creating a focal point in a large space.
- The Summer Home Fireplace: This informal type often uses rough stone or brick and may feature a simple log mantel.
- The Use of a Fireplace Crane: A crane is useful in a large fireplace for hanging pots over the fire.
- The Use of a Trivet: A trivet is a low stool that sits on the hearth, providing a surface for warming teakettles or other items.
Conclusion: This 1913 guide offers a valuable perspective on the design and maintenance of fireplaces. The author emphasizes that understanding the science behind a successful fireplace is just as important as the aesthetics. By following his advice, readers can ensure that their fireplaces provide warmth and enjoyment, while also serving as a decorative focal point in their homes. The book provides a timeless guide for home builders and anyone who wants to master the art of building and maintaining a beautiful and efficient fireplace.