What chemical is used in the cyanotype process, also known as blueprints?
- Ferric oxalate
- Silver nitrate
- Potassium bichromate
- Ammonium chloride
Correct Answer: Ferric oxalate
Correct Answer Explanation: Ferric oxalate is the key ingredient in the cyanotype process. When exposed to light, it reacts to create a blue image on a white background.
Which process utilizes tannin or gallic acid to produce black prints?
- Platinotype
- Carbon
- Cyanotype
- Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer: Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer Explanation: The ferro-tannate process, also known as the “ink” process, uses iron salts and tannin or gallic acid to create black prints. The iron salts react with the tannin or gallic acid, producing a dark, insoluble compound.
How does light act as a deoxidizing agent in photographic processes?
- It breaks down the chemicals used for development.
- It converts ferric salts to ferrous salts, which are then used to create the image.
- It intensifies the colors of the image.
- It speeds up the fixing process.
Correct Answer: It converts ferric salts to ferrous salts, which are then used to create the image.
Correct Answer Explanation: Light acts as a deoxidizing agent in many photographic processes. It reduces ferric salts to ferrous salts. These ferrous salts are then used in the developing process to create a visible image.
What is the characteristic tone of prints made with the uranotype process?
- Blue
- Brown-black
- Red
- Sepia
Correct Answer: Brown-black
Correct Answer Explanation: The uranotype process uses uranium salts, which create a warm brown-black tone in the finished print.
Which of the following processes is known for producing the most permanent prints?
- Cyanotype
- Platinotype
- Carbon
- Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer: Platinotype
Correct Answer Explanation: The platinotype process uses platinum salts, which are incredibly stable and resistant to fading. This makes platinotype prints highly prized for their permanence and longevity.
What is the primary ingredient in carbon tissues used in the carbon process?
- Gelatin
- Silver bromide
- Platinum chloride
- Chromic oxide
Correct Answer: Gelatin
Correct Answer Explanation: Carbon tissues are made using a gelatin solution containing pigments. The gelatin is sensitized with a bichromate solution, making it sensitive to light. When exposed to light, the gelatin becomes insoluble, allowing the image to be transferred to a support.
Which process utilizes a mixture of bitumen and wax to create a resist for etching?
- Carbon
- Graphotypy
- Primuline
- Cyanofer
Correct Answer: Graphotypy
Correct Answer Explanation: The graphotypy process uses a mixture of bitumen and wax to create a resist that protects certain areas of a metal plate from etching. This allows for the creation of line-based images.
How is a mordant used in photographic processes?
- To create a resist for etching.
- To enhance the permanence of dyes.
- To develop the image.
- To fix the image.
Correct Answer: To enhance the permanence of dyes.
Correct Answer Explanation: A mordant is a substance that fixes a dye to a material, making the dye more permanent and less likely to fade. It is often used in processes involving coloring carbon prints or other photographic prints.
Which process uses albumenized paper as a base for printing?
- Artigues
- Graphotypy
- Primuline
- Platinotype
Correct Answer: Artigues
Correct Answer Explanation: The Artigues process is an adaptation of the carbon process that typically uses albumenized paper as a base. Albumenized paper has a smooth surface and is often used for printing because it provides a good base for the image.
What is a cliché in photographic reproduction?
- A type of developer used for specific processes.
- A positive transparency used for printing.
- A printing plate or negative used to create reproductions.
- A specific type of camera used for photography.
Correct Answer: A printing plate or negative used to create reproductions.
Correct Answer Explanation: A cliché is a printing plate or negative used to create photographic reproductions. It is used in several processes, such as cyanofer, where a positive cliché is used to create a positive image.
What is the function of a fixer in photographic processing?
- To create a visible image.
- To make the image permanent and prevent fading.
- To enhance the color of the image.
- To protect the image from scratches.
Correct Answer: To make the image permanent and prevent fading.
Correct Answer Explanation: A fixer is a chemical solution that removes unexposed silver halide crystals from the photographic emulsion, making the image permanent and preventing fading.
How does the diazotype process, using primuline, find application in textile printing?
- It creates intricate designs on fabrics.
- It makes fabrics more resistant to fading.
- It improves the color of fabrics.
- It creates a permanent image on fabrics.
Correct Answer: It creates intricate designs on fabrics.
Correct Answer Explanation: The diazotype process, utilizing primuline, is used in textile printing to create colorful patterns on fabrics. Primuline is a dye that reacts with light and can be used to create images on fabric.
What is a tournette in photographic reproduction?
- A type of camera lens.
- A device used to spread a solution evenly on a metal plate.
- A chemical used for developing.
- A type of printing paper.
Correct Answer: A device used to spread a solution evenly on a metal plate.
Correct Answer Explanation: A tournette is a rotating device used to spread a solution evenly on a metal plate, ensuring consistent coverage and preventing streaks or uneven application.
Which process is commonly used for creating fine art prints, known for its exceptional permanence and subtle tones?
- Platinotype
- Cyanotype
- Carbon
- Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer: Platinotype
Correct Answer Explanation: The platinotype process is highly valued for producing fine art prints due to its ability to create images with exceptional permanence, subtle tones, and rich detail.
What is a substratum in photographic reproduction?
- A type of printing paper.
- A chemical used for developing.
- A layer of material applied to a surface to promote adhesion or create a specific texture.
- A device used to measure light intensity.
Correct Answer: A layer of material applied to a surface to promote adhesion or create a specific texture.
Correct Answer Explanation: A substratum is a layer of material applied to a surface to promote adhesion of the printing medium or to create a specific texture. For example, a substratum might be used to create a textured surface on a printing plate for carbon prints.
Why was the carbon process considered complex but highly valued for reproductions?
- It used rare and expensive materials.
- It allowed for the creation of images in multiple colors.
- It could be used for creating very detailed and high-quality prints.
- It produced prints that were extremely resistant to fading.
Correct Answer: It could be used for creating very detailed and high-quality prints.
Correct Answer Explanation: The carbon process is complex and time-consuming, but it is renowned for its ability to produce extremely detailed and high-quality prints, making it a preferred technique for art reproduction and high-end printing applications.
What is the role of a photometer in photographic processes?
- To measure the amount of light required for exposure.
- To create a visible image.
- To fix the image and prevent fading.
- To enhance the color of the image.
Correct Answer: To measure the amount of light required for exposure.
Correct Answer Explanation: A photometer is used to measure the intensity of light, which is essential for determining the correct exposure time for different negatives and photographic processes.
How is chromic oxide used in the carbon process?
- It is used to create a resist for etching.
- It is used to develop the image.
- It is used to fix the image.
- It renders gelatin insoluble, which is key for transferring the image.
Correct Answer: It renders gelatin insoluble, which is key for transferring the image.
Correct Answer Explanation: Chromic oxide is used in the carbon process to make the gelatin, which holds the pigment, insoluble when exposed to light. This allows for the image to be transferred to a support, as the unexposed gelatin can be washed away.
What is the typical temperature range for developing carbon prints?
- 0-10 degrees Celsius
- 30-35 degrees Celsius
- 50-60 degrees Celsius
- 70-80 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer: 30-35 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer Explanation: Carbon prints are typically developed in warm water, usually between 30-35 degrees Celsius (86-95 degrees Fahrenheit). This temperature helps to soften the gelatin and allows for the unexposed gelatin to dissolve away.
Which process, similar to the carbon process, is particularly suited for reproducing plans and drawings in lines?
- Cyanofer
- Primuline
- Artigues
- Platinotype
Correct Answer: Artigues
Correct Answer Explanation: The Artigues process, an adaptation of the carbon process, is well-suited for reproducing plans and drawings in lines because it produces black prints on a clean white background, making the lines easy to distinguish.
What is the purpose of steam in the carbon process?
- To create a resist for etching.
- To develop the image.
- To soften carbon tissues and make them pliable for printing.
- To fix the image and prevent fading.
Correct Answer: To soften carbon tissues and make them pliable for printing.
Correct Answer Explanation: Steam is used in the carbon process to soften the carbon tissues, making them pliable and easier to manipulate during the printing process. This allows the tissues to be carefully placed on the support and transferred without tearing or wrinkles.
How long does it typically take to dry platinotype paper after sensitizing it?
- 1-2 minutes
- 5-10 minutes
- 12-15 minutes
- 20-30 minutes
Correct Answer: 12-15 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: Platinotype paper, after being sensitized, needs to dry for approximately 12-15 minutes to ensure proper development. If the paper is not dried properly, it can lead to uneven development or staining.
What is the typical concentration of the potassium bichromate solution used in the Artigues process?
- 1 part potassium bichromate to 100 parts water
- 2½ parts potassium bichromate to 100 parts water
- 5 parts potassium bichromate to 100 parts water
- 10 parts potassium bichromate to 100 parts water
Correct Answer: 2½ parts potassium bichromate to 100 parts water
Correct Answer Explanation: The Artigues process uses a specific solution for sensitizing the albumen, which typically contains 2½ parts of potassium bichromate in 100 parts of water.
Which of the following chemicals is used to harden the gelatin film in carbon prints, enhancing their durability?
- Chrome alum
- Ferric oxalate
- Silver nitrate
- Potassium bichromate
Correct Answer: Chrome alum
Correct Answer Explanation: Chrome alum is used to harden the gelatin film in carbon prints, making them more resistant to scratching, water damage, and fading. It improves the overall durability of the print.
What is the primary purpose of the tracing process on metal, as described in the text?
- To create a resist for etching.
- To develop the image.
- To fix the image.
- To enhance the color of the image.
Correct Answer: To create a resist for etching.
Correct Answer Explanation: The tracing process on metal is used to create a resist, a protective layer, on a metal plate for engraving. The resist protects certain areas of the metal from etching, allowing for the creation of detailed images and designs.
Which process involves transferring an image from a sensitized tissue to a support using gelatin and pigments?
- Carbon
- Cyanotype
- Platinotype
- Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer: Carbon
Correct Answer Explanation: The carbon process utilizes a sensitized tissue containing gelatin and pigments. The tissue is exposed to light, making the gelatin insoluble where the light hits. The unexposed gelatin is then washed away, leaving the image transferred to a support.
What is the approximate keeping quality of sensitized carbon tissue in cool and dry weather?
- 1-2 weeks
- 3-4 weeks
- 6-8 weeks
- 10-12 weeks
Correct Answer: 3-4 weeks
Correct Answer Explanation: Sensitized carbon tissue typically has a keeping quality of 3-4 weeks in cool and dry weather. It is important to store it properly to maintain its sensitivity and prevent it from becoming unusable.
Which photographic process was originally devised by Sir John Herschel in 1840?
- Platinotype
- Cyanotype
- Carbon
- Ferro-tannate
Correct Answer: Cyanotype
Correct Answer Explanation: Sir John Herschel, a pioneer in photography, devised the cyanotype process (blueprints) in 1840. It was a significant development in photographic reproduction, as it provided a simple and efficient method for creating blue prints.
Which process involves using a graphite image on albumenized paper for a simple transfer technique?
- Artigues
- Cyanofer
- Primuline
- Platinotype
Correct Answer: Artigues
Correct Answer Explanation: The Artigues process utilizes a graphite image on albumenized paper for a simple transfer technique. The graphite image is transferred to the support, creating a black image on a clean white background.
What is the typical exposure time for the primuline process?
- 1-2 seconds
- 30 seconds to 10 minutes
- 10-20 minutes
- 30-60 minutes
Correct Answer: 30 seconds to 10 minutes
Correct Answer Explanation: The exposure time for the primuline process can vary depending on the light intensity, but typically ranges from 30 seconds to 10 minutes or more.
How does Burnett’s research reveal a difference in sensitivity between uranic salts prepared with different acids?
- It shows that some acids make the salts more sensitive, while others make them less sensitive.
- It proves that uranic salts are not effective for photographic reproduction.
- It suggests that uranic salts are only useful for creating blue prints.
- It demonstrates that uranic salts are highly sensitive to light.
Correct Answer: It shows that some acids make the salts more sensitive, while others make them less sensitive.
Correct Answer Explanation: Burnett’s research revealed a significant difference in sensitivity between uranic salts prepared with different acids. For example, the hydrofluate was six times less sensitive than the tartrate. This highlights the importance of careful preparation and the selection of the right acid for optimal results.
What is the typical keeping quality of ferro-tannate prints made using albumenized paper?
- 1-2 days
- 5-7 days
- 10-15 days
- 20-30 days
Correct Answer: 10-15 days
Correct Answer Explanation: The ferro-tannate process, using albumenized paper, typically has a keeping quality of 10 to 15 days. This means the prints are stable for that amount of time, but they may start to fade or degrade after that period.
What is the standard ratio of ferric oxalate to water in the ferric oxalate solution used in platinotype processes?
- 10 parts ferric oxalate to 100 parts water
- 15 parts ferric oxalate to 100 parts water
- 20 parts ferric oxalate to 100 parts water
- 25 parts ferric oxalate to 100 parts water
Correct Answer: 20 parts ferric oxalate to 100 parts water
Correct Answer Explanation: The standard ferric oxalate solution used in platinotype processes should contain 20 parts of ferric oxalate per 100 parts of water. This specific ratio ensures optimal development and the creation of high-quality prints.
What is the recommended temperature for the potassium oxalate developer used in platinotype processes?
- 60-70 degrees Celsius
- 70-80 degrees Celsius
- 80-85 degrees Celsius
- 90-95 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer: 80-85 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer Explanation: The potassium oxalate developer used in platinotype processes should be heated to 80-85 degrees Celsius (176-184 degrees Fahrenheit). This temperature ensures proper development and brings out the full tonal range of the image.
How many sheets of carbon tissue can typically be coated using Harman’s method in a quarter of an hour?
- 5-10 sheets
- 10-15 sheets
- 15-20 sheets
- 20-25 sheets
Correct Answer: 15-20 sheets
Correct Answer Explanation: Harman’s method for coating carbon tissues allows for approximately 20 sheets to be coated in a quarter of an hour. This method was designed to speed up the coating process and make it more efficient.
Which of the following solutions is used to coat plates for carbon print development?
- A solution of India rubber in benzole, 1 to 100
- A solution of gelatin in water, 1 to 10
- A solution of chromic oxide in water, 1 to 5
- A solution of ferric oxalate in water, 1 to 20
Correct Answer: A solution of India rubber in benzole, 1 to 100
Correct Answer Explanation: A solution of India rubber in benzole, 1 to 100, is used to coat plates for carbon print development. This solution creates a smooth and durable surface for the carbon tissue to adhere to, ensuring proper development and transfer of the image.
What is the approximate drying time for carbon prints after transfer?
- 1-2 hours
- 3-4 hours
- 5-6 hours
- 7-8 hours
Correct Answer: 3-4 hours
Correct Answer Explanation: Carbon prints should be allowed to dry for 3 to 4 hours after transferring to ensure proper adherence to the support. During this time, the gelatin sets and the image becomes permanent.
What is the typical exposure time for the Artigues process using albumenized paper?
- 1-2 minutes in sunshine, 5-10 minutes in the shade
- 2 minutes in sunshine, 8-10 minutes in the shade
- 5 minutes in sunshine, 15-20 minutes in the shade
- 10 minutes in sunshine, 30-40 minutes in the shade
Correct Answer: 2 minutes in sunshine, 8-10 minutes in the shade
Correct Answer Explanation: The exposure time for the Artigues process using albumenized paper can range from 2 minutes in sunshine to 8-10 minutes in the shade. This variation in exposure time highlights the importance of a photometer to measure the light intensity for accurate exposure.
What is the typical temperature range for developing carbon prints in warm water?
- 20-25 degrees Celsius
- 25-30 degrees Celsius
- 30-35 degrees Celsius
- 35-40 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer: 30-35 degrees Celsius
Correct Answer Explanation: Carbon prints are typically developed in water heated to 30 to 35 degrees Celsius (86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit). This temperature range ensures that the unexposed gelatin dissolves away properly and that the image is fully developed.
What is the purpose of a developer in photographic processes?
- To create a visible image.
- To make the image permanent and prevent fading.
- To enhance the color of the image.
- To protect the image from scratches.
Correct Answer: To create a visible image.
Correct Answer Explanation: A developer is a chemical solution used to bring out a latent image, making the image visible. The developer reacts with the exposed silver halide crystals in the photographic emulsion, converting them into metallic silver, which forms the visible image.