Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology Trivia Questions

Test your knowledge of theology with these challenging trivia questions based on the book “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology.” Learn about the history, doctrines, and methods of theological study.

1. What is the term “theology” derived from?

The study of the nature and history of the gods
The study of the nature of the universe
The study of the origins of human life
The study of the relationship between humanity and nature

Answer: The study of the nature and history of the gods

Explanation: The term “theology” originated in ancient Greece, where it referred to the study of the nature and history of the gods. Over time, the term has evolved to encompass the study of God in a broader sense, particularly in relation to humanity.

2. What language was the New Testament written in?

Latin
Classical Greek
Hellenistic Greek
Hebrew

Answer: Hellenistic Greek

Explanation: The New Testament was written in Hellenistic Greek, a dialect distinct from classical Greek, influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic. This dialect was widely spoken throughout the Roman Empire during the time of the early Church.

3. What is the term for the collection of books considered authoritative Scripture?

Apocrypha
Canon
Pentateuch
Gospels

Answer: Canon

Explanation: The term “canon” refers to the collection of books that are considered authoritative Scripture, as distinguished from the Apocrypha. The canon of the Bible was gradually established over centuries, through a process of recognizing and affirming certain books as divinely inspired.

4. What was the dominant theological tendency in the 18th century that challenged the supernatural elements of Christianity?

Rationalism
Deism
Pietism
Enlightenment

Answer: Rationalism

Explanation: Rationalism, a dominant theological tendency in the 18th century, challenged the supernatural elements of Christianity, emphasizing reason and natural law as the primary sources of knowledge. This led to a shift in emphasis from faith to reason as the basis for belief.

5. The Magdeburg Centuries, published from 1559-74, comprised thirteen folio volumes, each covering a century. What was the primary focus of this historical work?

The history of the Roman Empire
The history of the Protestant Reformation
The history of the Church
The history of the Bible

Answer: The history of the Church

Explanation: The Magdeburg Centuries, a monumental work of Church history, sought to provide a comprehensive account of the history of the Church from its beginnings to the 16th century. It was a significant effort in documenting and analyzing the development of Christian belief and practice over time.

6. What is the term for the branch of theology that defends the truth and divine character of Christianity against challenges of unbelief?

Dogmatics
Polemics
Apologetics
Christology

Answer: Apologetics

Explanation: Apologetics is the branch of theology that defends the truth and divine character of Christianity against the challenges of unbelief. Apologetic writers and thinkers seek to provide rational arguments and evidence for the validity of Christian belief in the face of skepticism or opposition.

7. What is the term for the study of the person and work of Jesus Christ?

Soteriology
Christology
Dogmatics
Hermeneutics

Answer: Christology

Explanation: Christology is the study of the person and work of Jesus Christ, including his deity, humanity, and role as mediator between God and humanity. This field of theological inquiry explores the unique nature and significance of Christ’s life, death, and resurrection within the framework of Christian belief.

8. What is the term for the attempt to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering in the world with the belief in a good and just God?

Theodicy
Eschatology
Soteriology
Christology

Answer: Theodicy

Explanation: Theodicy is the attempt to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering in the world with the belief in a good and just God. This complex theological problem has challenged Christian thinkers throughout history, as they grapple with the apparent contradiction between God’s goodness and the reality of pain and injustice.

9. What is the term for the study of the historical confessions of faith of different Christian denominations, highlighting their distinctive doctrines and emphasizing their differences?

Symbolics
Dogmatics
Hermeneutics
Liturgics

Answer: Symbolics

Explanation: Symbolics is the study of the historical confessions of faith of different Christian denominations, highlighting their distinctive doctrines and emphasizing their differences. These confessions of faith serve as statements of belief, articulating the core doctrines and principles held by particular denominations.

10. What is the term for the science of interpreting texts, including the principles of understanding an author’s meaning and purpose?

Exegesis
Hermeneutics
Dogmatics
Apologetics

Answer: Hermeneutics

Explanation: Hermeneutics is the science of interpreting texts, including the principles of understanding an author’s meaning and purpose. This field of study is essential for theologians who seek to understand the Bible and other theological texts, as it provides frameworks for interpreting meaning, uncovering intention, and discerning context.

11. What is the term for the systematic presentation of Christian doctrine, based on Scripture and Church tradition?

Hermeneutics
Dogmatics
Liturgics
Symbolics

Answer: Dogmatics

Explanation: Dogmatics is the systematic presentation of Christian doctrine, based on Scripture and Church tradition. Dogmatic theologians seek to formulate and articulate the core beliefs of Christianity, drawing on the authority of Scripture and the historical teachings of the Church.

12. What is the term for the study of the Church Fathers and their writings, primarily those from the first six centuries?

Patristics
Liturgics
Catechetics
Symbolics

Answer: Patristics

Explanation: Patristics is the study of the Church Fathers and their writings, primarily those from the first six centuries. These early Christian writers and leaders played a significant role in shaping the development of Christian theology, their writings offering insights into early Church practices, doctrines, and interpretations of Scripture.

13. What is the term for the theory and practice of preaching, focusing on the structure, delivery, and content of sermons?

Homiletics
Liturgics
Catechetics
Dogmatics

Answer: Homiletics

Explanation: Homiletics is the theory and practice of preaching, focusing on the structure, delivery, and content of sermons. This discipline explores the art and craft of preaching, examining techniques of communication, methods of interpretation, and strategies for effectively communicating biblical messages.

14. What is the term for the study of Christian worship, including its history, theology, and practice?

Liturgics
Homiletics
Catechetics
Symbolics

Answer: Liturgics

Explanation: Liturgics is the study of Christian worship, including its history, theology, and practice. This field examines the forms, rituals, and traditions that shape Christian worship, exploring the theological meaning and significance of various liturgical elements.

15. What is the term for the belief that God and the universe are identical, as opposed to a separate, personal God?

Deism
Pantheism
Atheism
Agnosticism

Answer: Pantheism

Explanation: Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are identical, as opposed to a separate, personal God. Pantheists often view the universe as a manifestation of God, with God being immanent within the world rather than transcendent over it.

16. Which of these is NOT a major division of theological study according to “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology”?

Exegetical Theology
Philosophical Theology
Historical Theology
Practical Theology

Answer: Philosophical Theology

Explanation: The four major divisions of theological study presented in the book are Exegetical Theology, Historical Theology, Systematic Theology, and Practical Theology. While philosophical inquiry plays a crucial role in theological study, it is not presented as a distinct division within the book’s framework.

17. According to “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology,” what is the essential significance of the Old Testament for understanding the New Testament?

The Old Testament provides historical context for the New Testament.
The Old Testament reveals the true nature of God.
The Old Testament foreshadows the events and teachings of the New Testament.
The Old Testament provides practical guidance for living a Christian life.

Answer: The Old Testament foreshadows the events and teachings of the New Testament.

Explanation: The book emphasizes that the Old Testament, though not directly revelatory as the New Testament, is essential for understanding the New Testament’s theological framework and concepts. It sees the Old Testament as containing foreshadowings and typologies that point to the fulfillment found in Christ and his teachings.

18. What is the core difference between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in terms of biblical interpretation?

Protestantism emphasizes individual biblical study, while Catholicism reserves interpretation to the Church.
Protestantism is based on the Bible alone, while Catholicism incorporates Church tradition.
Protestantism rejects the authority of the Pope, while Catholicism accepts it.
Protestantism emphasizes the authority of the individual conscience, while Catholicism emphasizes the authority of the Church.

Answer: Protestantism emphasizes individual biblical study, while Catholicism reserves interpretation to the Church.

Explanation: “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology” highlights the difference between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in terms of biblical interpretation. Protestantism emphasizes the right and responsibility of individuals to study and interpret the Bible for themselves, while Catholicism reserves this authority to the Church and its hierarchy.

19. What is the central focus of both Scripture history and Christian theology, according to the book?

The life of Jesus Christ
The nature of God
The history of the Church
The creation of the world

Answer: The life of Jesus Christ

Explanation: The book states that the life of Jesus Christ is the central focus of both Scripture history and Christian theology. He is seen as the embodiment of God’s revelation to mankind, his teachings and actions serving as the foundation for Christian belief and practice.

20. What is the significance of the rise of modern criticism in relation to theological study, according to the book?

Modern criticism has led to a more nuanced understanding of the Bible and Church history.
Modern criticism has challenged traditional views of the Bible and Church history.
Modern criticism has led to a more rational approach to theology.
Modern criticism has led to a greater emphasis on personal experience in faith.

Answer: Modern criticism has led to both confirmations and challenges to traditional views.

Explanation: The book acknowledges that the rise of modern criticism has led to extensive examination of the biblical text and the history of the Church, prompting both confirmations and challenges to traditional views. This critical engagement has resulted in a deeper understanding of theological sources and a more nuanced understanding of the history of Christian thought.

21. The London Polyglot (six languages) was compiled by Brian Walton. What was its primary purpose?

To provide a more accurate translation of the Bible
To promote the study of Hebrew and Greek
To facilitate interfaith dialogue
To encourage the spread of Christianity

Answer: To provide a more accurate translation of the Bible

Explanation: The London Polyglot was a monumental effort to provide a more accurate translation of the Bible by compiling it in six languages, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Syriac, and Arabic. This project aimed to provide a comprehensive and reliable text for scholarly study and theological interpretation.

22. What is the central message of the Sermon on the Mount, as presented by Jesus in the Gospels?

The importance of following the law
The need for social justice
The call to love and forgiveness
The promise of eternal life

Answer: The call to love and forgiveness

Explanation: The Sermon on the Mount, a collection of teachings by Jesus Christ, is considered a foundational text for Christian ethics. It emphasizes principles of love, forgiveness, justice, and humility, providing guidance for living a life that reflects the character of God.

23. Which of these is NOT a key concept emphasized in the Pietist movement?

Personal piety
Social activism
Simple teachings of Scripture
Return to the roots of Christianity

Answer: Social activism

Explanation: The Pietist movement, originating in the 17th century, emphasized personal piety, a return to the simple teachings of Scripture, and a focus on the individual’s relationship with God. While Pietists often expressed concern for social issues, their primary focus was on fostering a deeper spiritual life within individuals.

24. What is the significance of the Council of Nicea (325 A.D.) in Christian history?

It established the canon of the Bible.
It defined the doctrine of the Trinity.
It condemned the Arian heresy.
It formalized the structure of the Church hierarchy.

Answer: It defined the doctrine of the Trinity.

Explanation: The Council of Nicea, a gathering of Christian leaders, addressed the Arian controversy, culminating in the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which defined the doctrine of the Trinity. This doctrine, stating that God is one God in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), became a cornerstone of Christian theology.

25. What is the term for the branch of theology concerned with defending Christian doctrines against opposing views, especially those of other Christian denominations?

Apologetics
Polemics
Dogmatics
Christology

Answer: Polemics

Explanation: Polemics is the branch of theology concerned with defending Christian doctrines against opposing views, especially those of other Christian denominations. This field engages in debates and discussions, seeking to clarify and defend Christian beliefs in the face of differing perspectives.

26. What is the central message of the Reformation, as led by Martin Luther?

The need for a more spiritual approach to Christianity.
The importance of individual conscience and biblical interpretation.
The call for social justice and equality.
The rejection of the authority of the Church.

Answer: The importance of individual conscience and biblical interpretation.

Explanation: The Reformation, led by Martin Luther, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and emphasized the direct relationship between individuals and God through the Bible. It championed the right of individuals to interpret Scripture for themselves and to follow their own conscience in matters of faith.

27. What is the term for the belief in the existence of supernatural events and divine revelation, as opposed to a purely natural or rational understanding of the world?

Rationalism
Pantheism
Supernaturalism
Deism

Answer: Supernaturalism

Explanation: Supernaturalism is the belief in the existence of supernatural events and divine revelation, as opposed to a purely natural or rational understanding of the world. Supernaturalists accept the possibility of miracles, divine intervention, and other phenomena that transcend the realm of natural laws.

28. What is the term for the study of the doctrine of salvation, including Christ’s work of redemption and the application of this salvation to individual believers?

Soteriology
Eschatology
Christology
Dogmatics

Answer: Soteriology

Explanation: Soteriology is the study of the doctrine of salvation, including Christ’s work of redemption and the application of this salvation to individual believers. This field of theological inquiry explores the nature of salvation, the means by which it is obtained, and the implications of salvation for human life.

29. What is the term for the art of religious instruction, particularly for children and those who are new to the Christian faith?

Homiletics
Liturgics
Catechetics
Symbolics

Answer: Catechetics

Explanation: Catechetics is the art of religious instruction, particularly for children and those who are new to the Christian faith. This discipline seeks to present Christian teachings in a clear and accessible way, fostering understanding and faith formation.

30. Which of these is NOT a key feature of the Moravian Church?

Emphasis on simplicity
Focus on love and mission
Commitment to liturgical tradition
Emphasis on personal piety

Answer: Commitment to liturgical tradition

Explanation: The Moravian Church, founded in the 18th century, is noted for its emphasis on simplicity, love, and missionary zeal. They value personal piety and a straightforward approach to Christian life and worship, emphasizing the importance of spiritual experience and service to others.

31. What is the term for the study of the interpretation of Scripture, drawing upon linguistic, historical, and theological knowledge?

Exegesis
Hermeneutics
Dogmatics
Apologetics

Answer: Exegesis

Explanation: Exegesis is the interpretation of Scripture, drawing upon linguistic, historical, and theological knowledge. Exegetical scholars seek to understand the original meaning of biblical texts, taking into account factors such as language, historical context, literary genre, and theological themes.

32. What is the significance of the Book of Common Prayer in the Anglican Church?

It serves as the official confession of faith.
It provides a framework for worship and liturgy.
It outlines the Church’s organizational structure.
It defines the principles of Anglican theology.

Answer: It provides a framework for worship and liturgy.

Explanation: The Book of Common Prayer, used by the Anglican Church, provides a framework for worship, including prayers, hymns, and the administration of sacraments. It serves as a guide for liturgical practice, promoting uniformity and continuity in worship across the Anglican communion.

33. What is the significance of the study of philosophy for theologians, according to “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology”?

Philosophy provides a framework for understanding theological concepts.
Philosophy challenges traditional theological views.
Philosophy offers a more rational approach to theology.
Philosophy provides evidence for the existence of God.

Answer: Philosophy provides a framework for understanding theological concepts.

Explanation: The book highlights the importance of the study of philosophy, particularly ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, for theologians. It argues that philosophy provides a framework for understanding theological concepts and engaging in critical inquiry, helping theologians to clarify their ideas and to engage in rigorous dialogue with other thinkers.

34. John Mill spent 30 years compiling his Greek Testament. What was his primary objective?

To establish a definitive text of the New Testament
To provide a more accurate translation of the New Testament
To analyze the historical development of the New Testament
To promote the study of Greek among theologians

Answer: To establish a definitive text of the New Testament

Explanation: John Mill’s work on the Greek Testament was a monumental effort to establish a definitive text of the New Testament. He spent 30 years meticulously examining and collating various manuscripts, seeking to produce a text as close as possible to the original writings.

35. What is the term for the divinely ordained institution that is the Church, as understood by “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology”?

A social association
A community of faith
A religious organization
A divinely ordained institution

Answer: A divinely ordained institution

Explanation: The book emphasizes that the Church is not simply a social association but a divinely ordained institution, with both outward and inward aspects. It views the Church as a divinely established entity with a unique mission and purpose, grounded in the will and purpose of God.

36. What is the concept of the Trinity, as understood by New Testament theology?

The belief that God is one being in three distinct persons.
The belief that God is a three-headed deity.
The belief that God is both Father and Son.
The belief that God created the universe in three days.

Answer: The belief that God is one being in three distinct persons.

Explanation: The concept of the Trinity, though not explicitly stated in the Bible, is foundational to New Testament theology. It represents God’s relationship to mankind through the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, highlighting the unity and diversity within the Godhead.

37. According to “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology,” what is the significance of the Reformation for the development of biblical interpretation?

The Reformation led to a more literal interpretation of the Bible.
The Reformation led to a more allegorical interpretation of the Bible.
The Reformation led to a more individualistic approach to biblical interpretation.
The Reformation led to a more scholarly approach to biblical interpretation.

Answer: The Reformation led to a more individualistic approach to biblical interpretation.

Explanation: The book highlights the significance of the Reformation for the development of biblical interpretation. It emphasizes the shift in emphasis from the authority of the Church to the authority of the Bible, leading to greater independence in biblical interpretation.

38. What is the significance of the Patriarchal Age in biblical history?

It establishes the origins of the Israelite people.
It reveals the nature of God’s covenant with humanity.
It lays the foundation for the teachings of Jesus Christ.
It details the history of the early Church.

Answer: It reveals the nature of God’s covenant with humanity.

Explanation: The Patriarchal Age, spanning from Abraham to Moses, marks the beginning of the biblical narrative, detailing the covenant between God and Abraham, the experiences of his descendants, and the initial stages of the theocratic understanding of God’s relationship with mankind.

39. What is the term for the collection of books that were not included in the official canon of the Bible, but are sometimes considered to be inspired by some Christians?

Apocrypha
Gospels
Pentateuch
Canon

Answer: Apocrypha

Explanation: The Apocrypha consists of books that were not included in the official canon of the Bible, but are sometimes considered to be inspired by some Christians. These books are often found in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles but are generally not included in Protestant Bibles.

40. What is the term for the study of the end times, including the second coming of Christ, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgment?

Eschatology
Soteriology
Christology
Dogmatics

Answer: Eschatology

Explanation: Eschatology is the study of the end times, including the second coming of Christ, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgment. It explores the biblical teachings about the future, examining the nature of the end of the world and the ultimate destiny of humanity.

41. What is the central message of the Book of Revelation?

The importance of following the laws of God.
The coming of the end times and the triumph of God.
The need for social justice and equality.
The power of love and forgiveness.

Answer: The coming of the end times and the triumph of God.

Explanation: The Book of Revelation is a symbolic and apocalyptic text that describes the final conflict between good and evil, culminating in the victory of God and the establishment of a new heaven and earth. It offers a vision of hope and ultimate triumph for those who remain faithful to God.

42. What is the term for the belief that God is a personal, transcendent being who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs?

Deism
Pantheism
Atheism
Agnosticism

Answer: Deism

Explanation: Deism is the belief that God is a personal, transcendent being who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs. Deists generally reject the concept of miracles, divine revelation, and other supernatural events, emphasizing reason and natural law as the guiding principles of the universe.

43. What is the term for the process of removing parts of the Bible that were considered to be false or inaccurate?

Canonization
Hermeneutics
Exegesis
Censorship

Answer: Censorship

Explanation: Censorship is the process of removing parts of the Bible that were considered to be false or inaccurate. This practice has occurred throughout history, with various groups seeking to control the content of the Bible based on their own beliefs and agendas.

44. What is the term for the study of the relationship between God and humanity?

Theology
Christology
Soteriology
Eschatology

Answer: Theology

Explanation: Theology is the study of God, particularly in his relationship to humanity, as revealed in the Bible. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the nature of God, the creation of the world, the nature of sin, the work of salvation, and the destiny of humanity.

45. Which of these is NOT a historical event mentioned in “Theological Encyclopaedia and Methodology”?

The Council of Nicea
The Reformation
The Enlightenment
The French Revolution

Answer: The French Revolution

Explanation: The book focuses on historical events related to the development of Christian thought and practice, including the Council of Nicea, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment. While the French Revolution had significant societal and political implications, it is not directly addressed within the book’s framework.

46. What is the term for the branch of theology that focuses on the practical application of theological principles in Church activities?

Exegetical Theology
Historical Theology
Systematic Theology
Practical Theology

Answer: Practical Theology

Explanation: Practical Theology is the branch of theology that focuses on the practical application of theological principles in Church activities, including preaching, pastoral care, and Church governance. It seeks to connect theological insights with the lived experiences of Christians, guiding them in their faith and ministry.

47. What is the term for the study of the history of the Church, doctrines, and Christian thought?

Exegetical Theology
Historical Theology
Systematic Theology
Practical Theology

Answer: Historical Theology

Explanation: Historical Theology is the study of the history of the Church, doctrines, and Christian thought. It traces the development of Christian belief and practice over time, examining the influences that have shaped the Church’s identity and mission.

48. What is the term for the study of the interpretation of Scripture, with a particular focus on the use of language and grammar?

Hermeneutics
Exegesis
Dogmatics
Liturgics

Answer: Exegesis

Explanation: Exegesis is the interpretation of Scripture, drawing upon linguistic, historical, and theological knowledge. It involves a meticulous analysis of the text, taking into account factors such as language, grammar, historical context, literary genre, and theological themes.

49. What is the term for the study of the nature and attributes of God?

Theology
Christology
Soteriology
Eschatology

Answer: Theology

50. What is the term for the belief that God is the ultimate source of all reality and that all things exist within him?

Pantheism
Deism
Atheism
Theism

Answer: Pantheism

51. What is the term for the study of the nature and origin of evil?

Theodicy
Eschatology
Soteriology
Christology

Answer: Theodicy

52. What is the term for the collection of the first five books of the Bible, which are considered to be the foundational narrative of the Jewish and Christian faiths?

Pentateuch
Gospels
Apocrypha
Canon

Answer: Pentateuch

Explanation: The Pentateuch, also known as the Torah, consists of the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. These books tell the story of creation, the covenant with Abraham, the exodus from Egypt, the giving of the law, and the journey to the Promised Land.

53. What is the term for the study of the nature and purpose of the Church?

Ecclesiology
Theology
Christology
Soteriology

Answer: Ecclesiology

Explanation: Ecclesiology is the study of the nature and purpose of the Church. It examines the biblical and theological foundations of the Church, its role in the world, and its relationship to individuals and society.

54. What is the term for the belief that God is the only God and that there are no other gods?

Monotheism
Polytheism
Atheism
Agnosticism

Answer: Monotheism

Explanation: Monotheism is the belief that God is the only God and that there are no other gods. This belief is central to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

55. What is the term for the study of the nature and purpose of sacraments?

Sacramental Theology
Liturgics
Catechetics
Symbolics

Answer: Sacramental Theology

Explanation: Sacramental Theology is the study of the nature and purpose of sacraments. It examines the biblical and theological foundations of sacraments, their role in Christian life and worship, and their meaning for individuals and the Church.

56. What is the term for the belief that God is both immanent (present within the world) and transcendent (existing outside of the world)?

Transcendent Monotheism
Immanent Monotheism
Panentheism
Pantheism

Answer: Panentheism

Explanation: Panentheism is the belief that God is both immanent (present within the world) and transcendent (existing outside of the world). Panentheists hold that God encompasses and pervades the universe while also maintaining his own distinct identity and existence.

57. What is the term for the process of interpreting Scripture in light of the historical context in which it was written?

Historical-critical method
Exegesis
Hermeneutics
Dogmatics

Answer: Historical-critical method

Explanation: The historical-critical method is a process of interpreting Scripture in light of the historical context in which it was written. It seeks to understand the meaning of biblical texts by examining their literary forms, historical settings, and cultural influences.

58. What is the term for the study of the relationship between faith and reason?

Philosophy of Religion
Theology
Apologetics
Dogmatics

Answer: Philosophy of Religion

Explanation: Philosophy of Religion is the study of the relationship between faith and reason. It examines the philosophical arguments for and against the existence of God, the nature of religious belief, and the role of reason in religious experience.

59. What is the term for the belief that God is all-knowing?

Omnipotent
Omniscient
Omnipresent
Benevolent

Answer: Omniscient

Explanation: Omniscient refers to the belief that God is all-knowing, having complete and perfect knowledge of all things, past, present, and future.

60. What is the term for the study of the relationship between human beings and the natural world?

Environmental Theology
Ecology
Environmentalism
Bioethics

Answer: Environmental Theology

Explanation: Environmental Theology is the study of the relationship between human beings and the natural world. It examines the theological implications of environmental issues, the ethical responsibilities of humans toward the environment, and the role of faith in promoting environmental stewardship.