1: What family do Wallflowers belong to?
A: Rosaceae
B: Brassicaceae
C: Asteraceae
D: Fabaceae
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers are part of the Brassicaceae family, commonly known as the cabbage family.
2: How many species of Wallflowers are there?
A: About 50
B: About 100
C: Over 150
D: Over 300
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower includes more than 150 species.
3: How are the trichomes on Wallflower stems described?
A: Star-shaped and two-sided
B: Smooth and fuzzy
C: Long and curly
D: Short and shiny
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflowers have star-shaped and/or two-sided trichomes growing from their stems.
4: Which of these colors is NOT typical for Wallflower flowers?
A: Blue
B: Yellow
C: Red
D: Pink
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower flowers typically come in yellow, red, pink, or orange, but not blue.
5: From which region is Wallflower semperflorens native?
A: South America
B: Europe
C: Morocco and Algeria
D: Southeast Asia
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower semperflorens, which has white flowers, is native to Morocco and Algeria.
6: What is the meaning of the genus name “Wallflower” from Ancient Greek?
A: To grow tall
B: To ward off or to heal
C: To beautify
D: To spread
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The genus name Wallflower is derived from Ancient Greek words meaning “to ward off” or “to heal,” referencing its medicinal properties.
7: Where is Wallflower etnense endemic to?
A: Mount Etna
B: Andalucia
C: Himalayas
D: Patagonia
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower etnense is endemic to Mount Etna.
8: Which Wallflower cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit?
A: ‘Chelsea Jacket’
B: ‘Golden Sunburst’
C: ‘Wild Beauty’
D: ‘Bowles’s Mauve’
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The ‘Bowles’s Mauve’ cultivar has achieved the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
9: Which disease are Wallflowers susceptible to that is common in the Brassicaceae family?
A: Wilting Disease
B: Fungal Rust
C: Clubroot
D: Powdery Mildew
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflowers are susceptible to clubroot, a disease that affects many members of the Brassicaceae family.
10: What is a common association in spring bedding schemes involving Wallflowers?
A: Daffodils
B: Tulips
C: Roses
D: Lilies
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers are often associated with tulips in spring bedding schemes.
11: Which Wallflower species is toxic to some vertebrate herbivores?
A: Wallflower scoparium
B: Wallflower diffusum
C: Wallflower semperflorens
D: Wallflower crepidifolium
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Wallflower crepidifolium is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.
12: Which animal is NOT known to feed on Wallflowers?
A: Mule deer
B: Argali
C: Red deer
D: Arctic hare
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Mule deer, argali, and red deer feed on Wallflowers, but Arctic hare is not mentioned.
13: What kind of defensive compounds do Wallflowers produce?
A: Alkaline substances
B: Flavonoids
C: Glucosinolates
D: Carotenoids
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflowers produce glucosinolates as defensive compounds.
14: Which type of glycosides, important in insect defense, do Wallflowers uniquely accumulate?
A: Anthocyanins
B: Carbohydrate glycosides
C: Cardiac glycosides
D: Triterpenoid glycosides
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflowers uniquely accumulate cardiac glycosides, useful for deterring insect herbivores.
15: What do cardiac glycosides specifically block in insects?
A: Enzyme activity
B: Ion channel function in muscle cells
C: Protein synthesis
D: DNA replication
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Cardiac glycosides block ion channel function in muscle cells, deterring insect herbivory.
16: Which insect is almost exclusively responsible for pollinating Wallflower scoparium?
A: Honeybee
B: Butterfly
C: Anthophora alluadii
D: Hoverfly
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower scoparium is pollinated almost exclusively by Anthophora alluadii.
17: When did the Wallflower genus likely diversify from other Brassicaceae species?
A: Oligocene
B: Miocene
C: Pliocene
D: Holocene
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that Wallflower diversified during the Pliocene.
18: Which novel chemical defenses allow Wallflowers to escape herbivory by specialist herbivores?
A: Tannins
B: Cardenolides
C: Saponins
D: Phenolics
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The evolution of cardenolides allows Wallflowers to escape herbivory by some specialist herbivores.
19: Which butterfly is deterred from feeding by cardenolides in Wallflower cheiranthoides?
A: Painted lady
B: Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly)
C: Monarch
D: Swallowtail
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred by cardenolides in Wallflower cheiranthoides.
20: In traditional Chinese medicine, which ailment is Wallflower cheiranthoides used to treat?
A: Diabetes
B: Heart disease
C: Asthma
D: Epilepsy
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower cheiranthoides is used to treat heart disease in traditional Chinese medicine.
21: Which insect’s larvae use different Wallflower species as food plants?
A: Monarch butterfly
B: Luna moth
C: Garden carpet moth (Xanthorhoe fluctuata)
D: Silk moth
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The garden carpet moth’s larvae feed on different species of Wallflowers.
22: Wallflower species produce a class of phytochemicals for insect defense. What are these chemicals called?
A: Alkaloids
B: Glucosinolates
C: Cardiac glycosides
D: Terpenoids
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower species produce cardiac glycosides, effective for insect defense.
23: Which habitat area is Wallflower teretifolium native to?
A: Coastal sand dunes
B: Inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California
C: Alpine meadows
D: Desert plains
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower teretifolium is native to the inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California.
24: What compound induces accumulation of cardiac glycosides in Wallflower crepidifolium?
A: Salicylic acid
B: Auxin
C: Jasmonic acid
D: Abscisic acid
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate induce the accumulation of cardiac glycosides in Wallflower crepidifolium.
25: What is the featured color of Wallflower semperflorens flowers?
A: Yellow
B: Orange
C: White
D: Pink
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower semperflorens features white flowers, distinguishing it from other species.
26: Which period marked the evolution of cardiac glycosides in Wallflowers?
A: Precambrian
B: Jurassic
C: Pleistocene
D: Pliocene
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The evolution of cardiac glycosides in Wallflowers began in the Pliocene period.
27: Why are Wallflowers a preferred choice for spring bedding schemes?
A: Long blooming season
B: Strong fragrance and diverse colors
C: Resistant to pests
D: Robust growth
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers are favored for their strong fragrance and wide array of colorful flowers.
28: Which Wallflower characteristic helps deter herbivores?
A: Smooth leaves
B: Glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides
C: Large size
D: Tough stems
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides in Wallflowers help deter herbivores.
29: Where is Wallflower kykkoticum nearly extinct?
A: Mount Everest
B: Cyprus
C: Pacific Islands
D: Amazonian Basin
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower kykkoticum is nearly extinct on the island of Cyprus.
30: Which of the following animals does NOT feed on Wallflowers?
A: Mule deer
B: Red deer
C: Spanish ibex
D: Koalas
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Koalas, native to Australia, do not feed on Wallflowers.
31: Which feature is common among pollinators of Wallflowers?
A: Exclusively butterflies
B: Many diverse species
C: Only large insects
D: Only nocturnal insects
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower pollinators include a wide range of different species such as bees, butterflies, and beetles.
32: What does the name “Wallflower” signify in terms of habitat adaptability?
A: It is resistant to cold climates
B: It thrives in wall mortar
C: It grows only in gardens
D: It spreads quickly
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers are so named because they can often be grown successfully in loose wall mortar.
33: What is the predominant season for Wallflower blooming?
A: Winter
B: Spring
C: Autumn
D: Year-round
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers predominantly bloom in the spring season.
34: Which period was the predominate European medical pharmacopeia, De Materia Medica, used for?
A: More than 1,500 years
B: 500 years
C: 200 years
D: 100 years
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: De Materia Medica was the predominant European medical pharmacopeia for more than 1,500 years.
35: Which part of Wallflowers do weevils like Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus affect?
A: Roots
B: Leaves
C: Fruits
D: Flowers
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus weevils live inside the fruits of Wallflowers and feed on developing seeds.
36: What are the lobes of lower Wallflower leaves directed?
A: Forward
B: Upward
C: Backward
D: Downward
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The lobes of lower Wallflower leaves are backwardly directed.
37: How many sepals does a Wallflower have?
A: One
B: Two
C: Three
D: Four
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Wallflowers have four pouch-shaped sepals.
38: Which described Wallflower species is found on the Teide volcano on Tenerife?
A: Wallflower scoparium
B: Wallflower semperflorens
C: Wallflower etnense
D: Wallflower diffusum
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower scoparium is native to the Teide volcano on Tenerife.
39: What animals commonly avoid Wallflowers due to cardiac glycosides?
A: Herbivorous insects
B: All mammals
C: Birds
D: Fish
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Herbivorous insects, deterred by cardiac glycosides, commonly avoid Wallflowers.
40: What kind of butterflies avoid Wallflower asperum?
A: Monarch
B: Pieris napi macdunnoughii (margined white butterfly)
C: Swallowtail
D: Painted lady
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower asperum is resistant to feeding and oviposition by Pieris napi macdunnoughii.
41: Which is NOT a flowering characteristic of the Wallflower family?
A: Strong fragrance
B: Appear in spring
C: Multiple color variations
D: Large fruit
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Wallflower is known for its fragrance, spring flowers, and color variations, but not large fruit.
42: Which species is used more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments for purified compounds?
A: Wallflower semperflorens
B: Wallflower cheiri
C: Wallflower diffusum
D: Wallflower scoparium
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower diffusum along with purified erysimin and erysimoside have been applied as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.
43: What part of the Wallflower is bifid?
A: Hairs on stems
B: Petals
C: Roots
D: Sepals
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The hairs on Wallflower stems are bifid.
44: Which Wallflower species is a bushy evergreen perennial attractive to bees?
A: Wallflower ‘Golden Beauty’
B: Wallflower ‘Bowles’s Mauve’
C: Wallflower ‘Spring Fire’
D: Wallflower ‘Sunburst’
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower ‘Bowles’s Mauve’ is a bushy evergreen perennial in milder climates and is attractive to bees.
45: What did medieval herbals like Bocks Kräuterbuch and Dispensatorium des Cordus discuss about Wallflowers?
A: Culinary uses
B: Medicinal applications
C: Decorative purposes
D: Toxicity
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Medieval herbals like Bocks Kräuterbuch and Dispensatorium des Cordus discussed the medicinal applications of Wallflowers.
46: What specific environment do Wallflowers thrive in due to their seed dispersal and growth habits?
A: Aquatic environments
B: Rocky slopes
C: Dry soils with very good drainage
D: Dense forests
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflowers thrive in dry soils with very good drainage.
47: What are the flower clusters on Wallflower plants called?
A: Panicles
B: Sprigs
C: Racemes
D: Cones
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Flower clusters on Wallflower plants are known as racemes.
48: From which plant category does Wallflower semperflorens belong due to its unique flower color?
A: Rare plants
B: Common garden plants
C: Wildflowers
D: Invasive species
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower semperflorens belongs to the category of rare plants due to its unique white flowers.
49: Why are Wallflowers known for wide ecological adaptability?
A: They are native to only one continent
B: They can grow in a variety of climates and locations
C: They grow only in wet environments
D: They require constant care
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers are known for adapting to various climates and locations, making them ecologically versatile.
50: What is the ideal growth treatment for perennial Wallflower species in cultivation?
A: Grown as annuals
B: Treated as biennials
C: Grown only indoors
D: Requires constant watering
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Perennial Wallflower species are short-lived and are best treated as biennials in cultivation.
51: Where can Wallflower moranii be found?
A: Guadalupe Island
B: Canary Islands
C: Madagascar
D: Indonesia
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower moranii is native to Guadalupe Island.
52: What is the main attraction for pollinators to Wallflowers?
A: Color
B: Fragrance
C: Nectar
D: Pollen
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers attract pollinators with their strong fragrance.
53: How do wallflowers typically arrange their leaves?
A: Broad and round at the base, linear on the stem
B: Wide and short throughout
C: Sparse and minimal
D: Thick and fleshy
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Wallflower leaves are typically broad and round at the base, becoming linear along the stem.
54: What allows Wallflowers to successfully grow in wall mortar?
A: High nutrient content
B: Ability to thrive in confined spaces
C: Preference for moist environments
D: Resistance to wind
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflowers can successfully grow in wall mortar because they can thrive in confined spaces.
55: What part of Wallflower diffusum has been used in recent Ukrainian treatments?
A: Leaves
B: Flowers
C: Seeds
D: Whole plant
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Wallflower diffusum along with purified erysimin and erysimoside from the whole plant are used in Ukrainian treatments.
56: What compound in Wallflowers deters both generalist and specialist herbivores?
A: Alkaloids
B: Phenolics
C: Cardiac glycosides
D: Tannins
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Cardiac glycosides in Wallflowers effectively deter both generalist and specialist herbivores.
57: Which Wallflower species is known for flowering all year round in mild climates?
A: Wallflower semperflorens
B: Wallflower ‘Bowles’s Mauve’
C: Wallflower kykkoticum
D: Wallflower diffusum
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wallflower ‘Bowles’s Mauve’ can become a bushy evergreen perennial and flower all year round in mild locations.
58: What component in Wallflowers aids in their defense against herbivores?
A: Sticky resin
B: High water content
C: Production of glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides
D: Presence of thorns
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The production of glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides in Wallflowers aids in defense against herbivores.
59: What traditional medicinal role did Wallflower cheiri have in medieval Europe?
A: As a food staple
B: As a decorative plant
C: As a treatment for various ailments
D: As livestock feed
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Wallflower cheiri was described as a medicinal herb and used for treating various ailments in medieval Europe.
60: Which butterfly avoids Wallflower cheiranthoides due to its defensive compounds?
A: Monarch
B: Orange tip butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines)
C: Viceroy
D: Swallowtail
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The orange tip butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines) avoids Wallflower cheiranthoides due to its cardenolides.