1: What family does the Yellow archangel belong to?
A: Rosaceae
B: Lamiaceae
C: Asteraceae
D: Solanaceae
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Yellow archangel belongs to the family Lamiaceae, which is commonly known as the mint family.
2: Another common name for the Yellow archangel, especially in gardens, is what?
A: Golden dead-nettle
B: White sage
C: Silver fern
D: Purple haze
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Another common name for the Yellow archangel is golden dead-nettle.
3: Where is the Yellow archangel natively found?
A: North America
B: Europe and western Asia
C: Australia
D: South America
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Yellow archangel is native to Europe and western Asia.
4: What color are the flowers of the Yellow archangel?
A: Red
B: Blue
C: Yellow
D: Purple
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The flowers of the Yellow archangel are yellow, which is distinctive in its genus.
5: What is the scientific genus of the Yellow archangel?
A: Matricaria
B: Lamium
C: Mentha
D: Rosa
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The scientific genus for the Yellow archangel is Lamium.
6: Why is the common name “dead-nettle” used for the Yellow archangel?
A: The plant is poisonous
B: It is related to the stingless nettles
C: It has a foul smell
D: It is an evergreen plant
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The name “dead-nettle” refers to its resemblance to stinging nettles, but it doesn’t sting.
7: In what kind of habitat is the Yellow archangel an invasive species?
A: Deserts
B: Gardens and woodlands
C: Wetlands
D: Alpine regions
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Yellow archangel has become invasive in gardens and woodlands outside its native range.
8: How do Yellow archangels primarily spread?
A: By wind-borne seeds
B: Through underground stolons
C: By water dispersal
D: Via bird ingestion
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangels primarily spread through underground stolons.
9: What is the leaf shape of the Yellow archangel typically described as?
A: Heart-shaped
B: Linear
C: Oval with toothed margins
D: Needle-like
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The leaves of Yellow archangel are typically described as oval with toothed margins.
10: In which country is the Yellow archangel known as the “aluminium plant”?
A: Canada
B: Australia
C: New Zealand
D: Ireland
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: In New Zealand, the Yellow archangel is referred to as the aluminium plant.
11: Which subspecies of Yellow archangel is most invasive in European countries?
A: subsp. montanum
B: subsp. argentatum
C: subsp. galeobdolon
D: subsp. flavidum
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The subspecies argentatum is the most invasive in Europe due to its variegated leaves.
12: What is the typical height range of a Yellow archangel plant?
A: 5 to 15 cm
B: 15 to 60 cm
C: 1 to 2 meters
D: 70 to 100 cm
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangel plants typically grow from 15 to 60 cm tall.
13: When was subsp. argentatum first described as an invasive species in the Netherlands?
A: 1753
B: 1985
C: 2020
D: 1965
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Subsp. argentatum was recognized as an invasive species in the Netherlands by 1985.
14: What is the primary method of controlling Yellow archangel invasion?
A: Herbicide application
B: Physical removal
C: Controlled burning
D: Introduction of natural predators
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Physical removal is one of the primary methods for controlling Yellow archangel invasion.
15: What type of symmetry do Yellow archangel flowers exhibit?
A: Radial symmetry
B: Bilateral symmetry
C: Asymmetry
D: Circular symmetry
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangel flowers have bilateral symmetry.
16: What type of root system do Yellow archangel plants have?
A: Taproot
B: Fibrous roots
C: Rhizomes and stolons
D: Aerial roots
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Yellow archangel plants have rhizomes and stolons that aid in their spread.
17: What does the term “pseudo-whorl” refer to in Yellow archangel’s description?
A: A single flower
B: Clustered leaves
C: Clustered flowers around the leaf axils
D: Twisted stems
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A pseudo-whorl refers to the clustered flowers around the axils of leaves.
18: Which subspecies of the Yellow archangel has the fewest number of flowers per inflorescence?
A: subsp. argentatum
B: subsp. montanum
C: subsp. galeobdolon
D: subsp. flavidum
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Subsp. galeobdolon has the fewest flowers per inflorescence, typically 4-7 flowers.
19: What characteristic is used to distinguish subspecies of Yellow archangel?
A: Flower color
B: Leaf markings
C: Stem thickness
D: Root structure
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Leaf markings are an important characteristic used to distinguish the subspecies of Yellow archangel.
20: Which part of the flower is typically streaked with orange in Yellow archangel?
A: Calyx
B: Petals
C: Upper lip
D: Lower lip
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The lower lip of the Yellow archangel flower is often streaked with orange.
21: What characteristic is unique to Yellow archangel subsp. flavidum?
A: Presence of stolons
B: Lack of stolons
C: White flowers
D: Thorny stems
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangel subsp. flavidum lacks stolons, unlike other subspecies.
22: What shape are the calyx lobes of the Yellow archangel?
A: Rounded
B: Sharp-edged
C: Five-lobed
D: Smooth and flat
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The calyx lobes of the Yellow archangel flower are five-lobed.
23: What are the two main features of subsp. argentatum’s leaves?
A: Simple and smooth
B: Silvery patterns and toothed edges
C: Rounded and succulent
D: Hairy and spined
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Subsp. argentatum’s leaves have silvery patterns and toothed edges.
24: What environmental impact does Yellow archangel’s invasiveness cause?
A: Soil erosion
B: Depletion of native plant species
C: Water pollution
D: Increased herbicide use
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The invasiveness of Yellow archangel depletes native plant species by outcompeting them for resources.
25: What botanical term describes the Yellow archangel’s ability to reproduce via vegetative parts?
A: Apomixis
B: Cloning
C: Vegetative propagation
D: Sexual reproduction
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Yellow archangel reproduces through vegetative propagation via stolons and rhizomes.
26: Who is credited with first describing Yellow archangel as Galeopsis galeobdolon in 1753?
A: Nicholas Culpeper
B: John Gerard
C: Carl Linnaeus
D: Miroslav Smejkal
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Carl Linnaeus first described the Yellow archangel as Galeopsis galeobdolon in 1753.
27: How does Yellow archangel primarily compete with native plants?
A: Taller growth form
B: Rapid seed dispersal
C: Dense ground cover
D: Toxic secretion
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Yellow archangel creates a dense ground cover that outcompetes native plants for light and nutrients.
28: In what countries outside its native range is Yellow archangel invasive?
A: New Zealand, Canada, and the United States
B: Australia and Japan
C: South Africa and Brazil
D: Norway and Sweden
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Yellow archangel is invasive in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States.
29: What structural feature is used to identify the variegated form of Yellow archangel?
A: Leaf size
B: Flower shape
C: Silver markings on the leaves
D: Stem color
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The variegated form of Yellow archangel is identified by the silver markings on its leaves.
30: What impact does the invasive subspecies argentatum have in European countries?
A: Decreases soil fertility
B: Increases native plant biodiversity
C: Outcompetes native subspecies
D: Causes water shortages
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The invasive subspecies argentatum outcompetes native subspecies due to its vigorous growth.
31: What does the species name “galeobdolon” possibly refer to?
A: A helmet and fly’s sting
B: A type of soil
C: A specific pollinator
D: A habitat type
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The name “galeobdolon” may come from the Latin words for “helmet” and “fly’s sting.”
32: What prevention method is recommended for controlling the spread of Yellow archangel in gardens?
A: Regular fertilization
B: Comprehensive mulching
C: Pruning
D: Removing stolons and rhizomes
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Removing stolons and rhizomes is recommended to control the spread of Yellow archangel in gardens.
33: How do Yellow archangel seeds primarily disperse in the wild?
A: By wind
B: Through water streams
C: By attaching to animal fur
D: Through ingestion by birds
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Yellow archangel seeds often disperse by attaching to the fur of animals.
34: During which season is the contrast between the upper and lower leaf surfaces of subsp. argentatum most noticeable?
A: Summer
B: Spring
C: Winter
D: Autumn
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The contrast between the upper and lower leaf surfaces of subsp. argentatum is most noticeable in winter.
35: What is a common use for Yellow archangel in horticulture?
A: Herbal medicine
B: Ornamental ground cover
C: Soil stabilization
D: Pollinator attractant
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangel is commonly used as an ornamental ground cover in horticulture.
36: Which plant family does the Yellow archangel belong to?
A: Asteraceae
B: Lamiaceae
C: Poaceae
D: Fabaceae
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Yellow archangel is a member of the Lamiaceae family.
37: What is the chromosome number of diploid Yellow archangel subspecies?
A: 24
B: 18
C: 36
D: 9
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The diploid chromosome number for Yellow archangel subspecies is 18.
38: What method is NOT effective in controlling Yellow archangel growth?
A: Controlled burning
B: Physical removal
C: Mulching
D: Use of herbicides
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Controlled burning is not effective in controlling Yellow archangel growth.
39: What distinctive color pattern appears on the leaves of Yellow archangel subspecies argentatum in winter?
A: Gold stripes
B: Silvery flexuous bands along the midrib
C: Deep red patches
D: Blue spots
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Subsp. argentatum has silvery flexuous bands along the midrib, especially noticeable in winter.
40: What is the natural habitat of Yellow archangel in its native range?
A: Deserts
B: Temperate forests and woodlands
C: Tropical rainforests
D: Coastal areas
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: In its native range, Yellow archangel typically inhabits temperate forests and woodlands.
41: Which European botanist used the term “dead nettle” in the 16th century?
A: Linnaeus
B: Culpeper
C: Gerard
D: Dodoens
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Rembert Dodoens used the term “dead nettle” in the 16th century.
42: Which subspecies of Yellow archangel is characterized by upright lateral flowering shoots?
A: subsp. montanum
B: subsp. flavidum
C: subsp. galeobdolon
D: subsp. argentatum
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Subsp. flavidum is characterized by its upright lateral flowering shoots.
43: What is the common term for the flower’s lower lip in Yellow archangel’s floral morphology?
A: Corolla
B: Lobes
C: Calyx
D: Petals
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The flower’s lower lip is typically divided into lobes in Yellow archangel’s floral morphology.
44: How many species complexes are recognized within the genus Lamium?
A: Two
B: Four
C: Five
D: Six
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Four closely-related species complexes are recognized within the genus Lamium.
45: What type of pigment pattern is a marker for subsp. argentatum in the winter?
A: Green stripes
B: Yellow patches
C: Silvery bands and chocolate-maroon zones
D: Blue spots
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The silvery bands and chocolate-maroon zones along the midrib are distinctive markers for subsp. argentatum in winter.
46: In 2024, what online database provides information on the distribution of Yellow archangel subspecies?
A: Flora Europaea
B: Plants of the World Online
C: Global Biodiversity Information Facility
D: National Plant Database
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Plants of the World Online provides updated information on the distribution of Yellow archangel subspecies.
47: What was the previous binomial name before being classified in the genus Lamium?
A: Matricaria chamomilla
B: Galeopsis galeobdolon
C: Mentha piperita
D: Rosa canina
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Before being classified in the genus Lamium, Yellow archangel was named Galeopsis galeobdolon.
48: How is the term “ploidy” relevant to Yellow archangel subspecies?
A: It refers to the plant’s height
B: It signifies chromosome number variations
C: It describes flowering time
D: It indicates the presence of toxins
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: “Ploidy” refers to variations in chromosome number among different subspecies of Yellow archangel.
49: Which continent has NOT reported Yellow archangel as an invasive species?
A: Europe
B: Australia
C: North America
D: South America
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Yellow archangel has not been reported as an invasive species in South America.
50: What type of plant is the Yellow archangel naturally classified as?
A: Annual
B: Perennial
C: Biennial
D: Ephemeral
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Yellow archangel is classified as a perennial plant.
51: Which country prohibits the sale of Yellow archangel according to the National Pest Plant Accord?
A: United States
B: Canada
C: United Kingdom
D: New Zealand
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: New Zealand lists Yellow archangel under the National Pest Plant Accord, prohibiting its sale.
52: What type of leaf texture does Yellow archangel typically have?
A: Smooth
B: Hairy
C: Waxy
D: Spiny
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The leaves of Yellow archangel typically have a hairy texture.
53: Which botanical feature helps distinguish between the subspecies of Yellow archangel?
A: Flower petal length
B: Leaf shape and pattern
C: Stem color
D: Root size
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Leaf shape and pattern are key features used to distinguish between subspecies of Yellow archangel.
54: What impact can subsp. argentatum have on local ecosystems where it is invasive?
A: Enhances soil fertility
B: Disrupts native plant species
C: Promotes growth of fungi
D: Increases water retention
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Subsp. argentatum can disrupt native plant species by dominating spaces and resources.
55: What does the term “stoloniferous” refer to in plant biology?
A: Producing flowers
B: Spreading by above-ground runners
C: Forming underground bulbs
D: Growing in clusters
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: “Stoloniferous” refers to plants that spread by above-ground runners called stolons.
56: Why is the Yellow archangel plant significant for garden enthusiasts?
A: It has medicinal properties
B: Its vibrant flowers attract pollinators
C: It’s an ornamental ground cover
D: It repels pests
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Yellow archangel is significant as an ornamental ground cover in gardens.
57: What was John Gerard’s contribution to the understanding of Yellow archangel?
A: Defined its medicinal use
B: Named multiple subspecies
C: Believed its leaves resembled true nettles
D: Created a hybrid variety
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: John Gerard believed the leaves of Yellow archangel resembled true nettles.
58: What is the term used for the clustered flower arrangement in Yellow archangel?
A: Corymb
B: Umbel
C: Verticillaster
D: Panicle
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The clustered flower arrangement in Yellow archangel is called a verticillaster.
59: What does the term “zygommorphic” mean in relation to Yellow archangel flowers?
A: Symmetrical on all sides
B: Divisible into mirror-image halves along one plane
C: Radially symmetric
D: Asymmetrical
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: “Zygomorphic” means the flowers can be divided into mirror-image halves along one plane.
60: What is the chlorophyll pigment pattern unique to subsp. argentatum leaves?
A: Continuous flexuous bands
B: Uniform green
C: Mottled yellow patches
D: Crosshatched lines
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Subsp. argentatum leaves have continuous flexuous bands as their unique chlorophyll pigment pattern.